I-PLC Ulwazi Oluhlanganisayo: Ukufunda Okubalulekile Konjiniyela Bakagesi!
I-PLC Ulwazi Oluhlanganisayo: Ukufunda Okubalulekile Konjiniyela Bakagesi!
I. Incazelo kanye nokuhlelwa kwama-PLC
I-PLC, noma i-Programmable Logic Controller, isizukulwane esisha samadivayisi okulawula izimboni. Isekelwe kuma-microprocessors futhi ihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula okuzenzakalelayo, nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana. Idizayinelwe izindawo zezimboni, ama-PLC afaka izinhlelo eziqondakala kalula kusetshenziswa "ulimi lwemvelo" oluqondiswe ezinqubweni zokulawula nabasebenzisi. Zibonakala ngobulula, ukusebenza kalula, nokuthembeka okuphezulu.
Asuselwe ekulawuleni okulandelanayo kokudluliswayo, ama-PLC agxile kuma-microprocessors futhi asebenza njengamadivayisi okulawula okuzenzakalelayo ahlukahlukene. Ake sihlole imininingwane ethile:
1. Incazelo
I-PLC iwuhlelo lukagesi lwedijithali olwakhelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni. Isebenzisa inkumbulo ehlelekayo ukuze igcine iziqondiso zokusebenza ezifana nokubala okunengqondo, ukulawula okulandelanayo, isikhathi, ukubala, ne-arithmetic. Ngokusebenzisana nokokufaka kanye nemiphumela yedijithali neye-analog, ama-PLC alawula imishini ehlukahlukene nezinqubo zokukhiqiza. Womabili ama-PLC kanye nemishini yawo ezungezile yakhelwe ukuhlanganisa ngaphandle komthungo nezinhlelo zokulawula izimboni nokwenza lula ukwanda kokusebenza.
2. Ukwahlukanisa
Imikhiqizo ye-PLC iza ngezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezinemininingwane ehlukene namandla okusebenza. Ahlukaniswa kabanzi ngokusekelwe kufomu lesakhiwo, umehluko wokusebenza, kanye nenani lamaphoyinti e-I/O.
2.1 Ukuhlelwa Ngokwefomu Lesakhiwo
Ama-PLC angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo ezihlangene nezimodulayo ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo.
(1) I-Integral PLC
Izingxenye zendlu ye-Integral PLCs ezifana nokunikezwa kwamandla, i-CPU, ne-I/O interfaces ngaphakathi kwekhabhinethi eyodwa. Baziwa ngesakhiwo sabo esihlangene, usayizi omncane, kanye nokuthengeka. Ama-PLC anosayizi omncane ngokuvamile amukela lesi sakhiwo esibalulekile. I-PLC ebalulekile iqukethe iyunithi eyisisekelo (eyaziwa nangokuthi iyunithi eyinhloko) enamaphuzu e-I/O ahlukene kanye neyunithi yokunweba. Iyunithi eyisisekelo iqukethe i-CPU, izixhumanisi ze-I/O, imbobo yokunweba yokuxhuma kumayunithi wokunweba we-I/O, nezindawo zokuxhuma kumhleli noma umbhali we-EPROM. Iyunithi yokunweba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqukethe kuphela i-I/O nezingxenye zokuphakela amandla, ngaphandle kwe-CPU. Iyunithi eyisisekelo neyunithi yokunweba ngokuvamile ixhunywa ngentambo eyisicaba. Ama-PLC ahlanganisiwe angaphinde afakwe ngamayunithi okusebenza akhethekile, njengamayunithi e-analog namayunithi okulawula isikhundla, ukuze andise amandla awo.
(2) I-Modular PLC
Ama-PLC e-Modular afaka amamojula ahlukene engxenye ngayinye, njengamamojula e-CPU, amamojula e-I/O, amamojula okuphakela amandla (ngezinye izikhathi ahlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwemojula ye-CPU), kanye namamojula omsebenzi ahlukahlukene. Lawa mamojula afakwe kuhlaka noma indiza engemuva. Inzuzo yama-PLC ajwayelekile ilele ekucushweni kwawo okuguquguqukayo, okuvumela ukukhethwa kwezikali zesistimu ezihlukene njengoba kudingeka. Kulula futhi ukuhlanganisa, ukunweba, kanye nokunakekela. Ama-PLC anosayizi omaphakathi nobukhulu ngokuvamile athatha ukwakheka kwe-modular.
Ukwengeza, amanye ama-PLC ahlanganisa izici zazo zombili izinhlobo ezibalulekile kanye ne-modular, enze lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-PLC estakiwe. Kuma-PLC astakiwe, izingxenye ezifana ne-CPU, ukunikezwa kwamandla, nezindawo zokusebenzelana ze-I/O zingamamojula azimele axhunywe ngamakhebuli futhi angapakishwa ngesendlalelo. Lo mklamo awuhlinzeki nje ngokucushwa kwesistimu eguquguqukayo kodwa futhi uvumela usayizi ohlangene.
2.2 Ukuhlelwa ngokomsebenzi
Ngokusekelwe emandleni awo okusebenza, ama-PLC angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezintathu: i-low-end, i-mid-range, kanye ne-high-end.
(1) I-PLC esezingeni eliphansi
Ama-PLC asezingeni eliphansi anemisebenzi eyisisekelo efana nokusebenza okunengqondo, isikhathi, ukubala, ukuguquka, ukuzihlola, nokuqapha. Angase futhi afake inani elilinganiselwe lokokufaka/okuphumayo kwe-analog, ukusebenza kwe-arithmetic, ukudluliswa kwedatha nokuqhathanisa, nemisebenzi yokuxhumana. Lawa ma-PLC asetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi amasistimu okulawula umshini owodwa afaka ukulawula okunengqondo, ukulawula okulandelanayo, noma inani elincane lokulawula i-analog.
(2) I-PLC yebanga eliphakathi
Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yama-PLC asezingeni eliphansi, ama-PLC aphakathi nendawo anikeza amandla aqinile ekufakweni/okuphumayo kwe-analog, ukusebenza kwe-arithmetic, ukudluliswa kwedatha nokuqhathanisa, ukuguqulwa kwesistimu yezinombolo, i-I/O ekude, ama-subroutines, kanye nenethiwekhi yokuxhumana. Ezinye zingase futhi zifake ukulawula ukuphazamisa nemisebenzi yokulawula ye-PID, okuyenza ifanelekele izinhlelo zokulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi.
(3) I-PLC ephezulu
Ama-PLC asezingeni eliphezulu, ngaphezu kwamakhono ama-PLCs ebanga eliphakathi, ahlanganisa imisebenzi ethuthukisiwe efana nokusebenza kwe-arithmetic esayiniwe, ukubala kwe-matrix, ukusebenza kwe-bit logic, izibalo zezimpande eziyisikwele, neminye imisebenzi ekhethekile. Ziphinde zibe namakhono okudala ithebula namandla okudlulisa ithebula. Ama-PLC asezingeni eliphezulu ayaziqhayisa ngokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokuxhumana nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi, okuvumela ukulawulwa kwezinqubo ezinkulu noma ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokulawula inethiwekhi ezisabalalisiwe, ngaleyo ndlela kuzuzwe okuzenzakalelayo kwefekthri.
2.3 Ukuhlelwa Ngamaphuzu e-I/O
Ngokuya ngenani lamaphoyinti e-I/O, ama-PLC angahlukaniswa abe yizigaba ezincane, eziphakathi nendawo nezinkulu.
(1) I-PLC encane
Ama-PLC amancane anamaphoyinti e-I/O angaphansi kuka-256, afaka i-CPU eyodwa, futhi asebenzisa amaphrosesa angu-8-bit noma angu-16-bit. Umthamo wabo wenkumbulo yomsebenzisi ngokuvamile ungaphansi kuka-4KB.
(2) I-PLC emaphakathi
Ama-PLC amaphakathi anamaphoyinti e-I/O aphakathi kuka-256 nangu-2048, asebenzisa ama-CPU amabili, futhi anomthamo wenkumbulo yomsebenzisi osuka ku-2KB ukuya ku-8KB.
(3) I-PLC enkulu
Ama-PLC amakhulu aziqhenya ngamaphoyinti e-I/O angu-2048, asebenzisa ama-CPU amaningi, futhi afakwe ama-processor angu-16-bit noma angu-32-bit. Umthamo wabo wenkumbulo yomsebenzisi usukela ku-8KB kuya ku-16KB.
Emhlabeni jikelele, imikhiqizo ye-PLC ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu zesifunda: i-American, European, kanye neJapane. Ubuchwepheshe be-American kanye ne-European PLC bathuthukiswa ngokuzimela, okubangele umehluko ohlukile phakathi kwemikhiqizo yabo. Ubuchwepheshe be-Japan PLC, okwethulwe busuka e-United States, buzuza njengefa izici ezithile kuma-American PLCs kodwa bugxile kuma-PLC anosayizi omncane. Ngenkathi ama-PLC aseMelika naseYurophu aziwa ngeminikelo yawo ephakathi nendawo enkulu, ama-PLC aseJapan adume ngozakwabo abancane.
II. Imisebenzi kanye Nezinkambu Zokusebenza zama-PLC
Ama-PLC ahlanganisa izinzuzo zokulawula koxhumene naye kanye nokuguquguquka kwamakhompyutha. Lo mklamo oyingqayizivele赋予了PLCs izici eziningi ezingenakuqhathaniswa uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izilawuli.
1. Imisebenzi yama-PLC
Njengedivayisi yokulawula okuzenzakalelayo yemboni yendawo yonke egxile kuma-microprocessors futhi ehlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula okuzenzakalelayo, nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, ama-PLC anikeza inqwaba yezinzuzo. Lokhu kufaka ukuthembeka okuphezulu, usayizi ohlangene, ukusebenza okuqinile, ukwakheka kohlelo olulula nokuguquguqukayo, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokugcinwa kalula. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-PLC athola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi emikhakheni efana ne-metallurgy, amandla, amakhemikhali, ezokuthutha, nokukhiqizwa kukagesi, okuvela njengenye yezinsika ezintathu zokulawulwa kwezimboni zesimanje (kanye namarobhothi kanye ne-CAD/CAM). Ngokusekelwe ezicini zama-PLC, amafomu awo asebenzayo angafingqwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
(1) Ukushintsha Ukulawula Okunengqondo
Ama-PLC anamandla okuhlanganisa okunengqondo aqinile, awenza akwazi ukufeza izilawuli ezihlukahlukene ezinengqondo ezilula neziyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi yisizinda esibaluleke kakhulu nesisetshenziswa kabanzi sama-PLC, esithatha indawo yokulawula koxhumene nokudluliselwa kwendabuko.
(2) Ukulawulwa kwe-analogi
PLAma-C afakwe amamojula okuguqula i-A/D kanye ne-D/A. Imojula ye-A/D iguqula amanani e-analog asuka endaweni—njengamazinga okushisa, ukucindezela, ukugeleza, nesivinini—kube amanani edijithali. Lawa manani edijithali abe esecutshungulwa yi-microprocessor ngaphakathi kwe-PLC (njengoba ama-microprocessors ekwazi ukuphatha kuphela amanani edijithali) bese esetshenziselwa ukulawula. Kungenjalo, imojula ye-D/A iguqula amanani edijithali abuyele enanini le-analog ukuze alawule into elawulwayo, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze amandla ama-PLCs ukuthi asebenzise ukulawula ubuningi be-analog.
(3) Ukulawulwa Kwenqubo
Ama-PLC esimanje anosayizi ophakathi nendawo ngokuvamile afaka amamojula okulawula e-PID, avumela ukulawulwa kwenqubo ye-loop evaliwe. Uma okuguquguqukayo kuchezuka phakathi nenqubo yokulawula, i-PLC ibala okukhiphayo okulungile isebenzisa i-algorithm ye-PID, ngaleyo ndlela ilungise inqubo yokukhiqiza futhi igcine okuguquguqukayo endaweni yokubeka. Njengamanje, ama-PLC amaningi anosayizi omncane futhi afaka ukusebenza kokulawula kwe-PID.
(4) Ukulawula Isikhathi nokubala
Ama-PLC aziqhenya ngamakhono aqinile wokubala isikhathi nokubala, akwazi ukunikeza inqwaba, amakhulu, noma izinkulungwane zezibali zesikhathi nezibali. Ubude besikhathi namanani okubala kungasethwa ngokungafanele umsebenzisi lapho ebhala uhlelo lomsebenzisi, noma o-opharetha abakusayithi ngomhleli. Lokhu kuvumela ukulawula isikhathi nokubala. Uma abasebenzisi badinga ukubala amasignali emvamisa ephezulu, bangakhetha amamojula wokubala anesivinini esikhulu.
(5) Ukulawula Okulandelanayo
Ekulawulweni kwezimboni, ukulawula okulandelanayo kungafinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa imiyalelo yesinyathelo se-PLC noma ukuhlela irejista yeshifu.
(6) Ukucutshungulwa Kwedatha
Ama-PLC esimanje awakwazi nje ukwenza imisebenzi yezibalo, ukudluliswa kwedatha, ukuhlela, nokubheka ithebula kodwa futhi angakwazi ukwenza ukuqhathanisa idatha, ukuguqulwa kwedatha, ukuxhumana kwedatha, ukubonisa idatha, nokuphrinta. Banamandla aqinile okucubungula idatha.
(7) Ukuxhumana Nokuxhumana
Ama-PLC amaningi esimanje ahlanganisa ukuxhumana nobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi, afaka i-RS-232 noma i-RS-485 yokuxhumana yokulawula okukude kwe-I/O. Ama-PLC amaningi angaxhunywa kunethiwekhi futhi axhumane. Amayunithi okucubungula amasignali amadivayisi angaphandle angashintshanisa izinhlelo nedatha nesilawuli esisodwa noma eziningi ezihlelekayo. Ukudluliswa kohlelo, ukudluliswa kwedatha, ukugadwa, kanye nokuxilongwa kungafinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi zokuxhumana noma amaphrosesa okuxhumana, asebenzisa izixhumanisi zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezijwayelekile noma izimiso zokuxhumana zobunikazi ukuze kube lula ukudluliswa kwezinhlelo nokudluliswa kwedatha.
2. Izinkambu Zokusebenza zama-PLC
Njengamanje, ama-PLC aqashwe kabanzi ngaphakathi nakwamanye amazwe ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa insimbi nensimbi, i-petroleum, amakhemikhali, amandla, izinto zokwakha, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, izimoto, izindwangu ezilula, ezokuthutha, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, nokuzijabulisa kwamasiko. Izicelo zabo zingahlukaniswa kabanzi ngale ndlela elandelayo:
(1) Ukushintsha Ukulawula Okunengqondo
Lesi yisizinda esiyisisekelo nesisetshenziswa kakhulu sama-PLC, esithatha indawo yamasekethe adluliswayo endabuko ukuze kuzuzwe ukulawula okunengqondo nokulandelanayo. Ama-PLC angasetshenziselwa ukulawula umshini owodwa kanye nokulawulwa kweqembu lemishini eminingi kanye nemigqa yokukhiqiza ezenzakalelayo, njengemishini yokubumba umjovo, imishini yokunyathelisa, imishini yokunamathisela, amathuluzi omshini wokuhlanganisa, imishini yokugaya, imigqa yokukhiqiza yokupakisha, nemigqa yokuhlanganisa i-electroplating.
(2) Ukulawulwa kwe-analogi
Ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza ezimbonini, amanani amaningi ahlukahluka ngokuqhubekayo—njengezinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, ukugeleza, izinga loketshezi, nesivinini—amanani analogi. Ukuze unike amandla ama-PLCs ukuthi aphathe amanani e-analog, ukuguqulwa kwe-A/D ne-D/A phakathi kwenani le-analog nedijithali kufanele kwenzeke. Abakhiqizi be-PLC bakhiqiza amamojula ahambisana ne-A/D kanye ne-D/A ukuze kube lula izinhlelo zokusebenza zokulawula i-analog zama-PLC.
(3) Ukulawula Ukunyakaza
I-PLCingasetshenziselwa ukulawula ukunyakaza okujikelezayo noma okuqondile. Ngokuphathelene nokucushwa kwesistimu yokulawula, izinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphambi kwesikhathi zixhunywe ngokuqondile izinzwa zendawo kanye nama-actuator ukuze zishintshe amamojula e-I/O. Namuhla, amamojula akhethekile okulawula ukunyakaza asetshenziswa ngokuvamile. Lawa mamojula angashayela i-single-eksisi noma isilawuli sesikhundla se-multi-axis kumamotho anyathelayo noma ama-servo motors. Cishe yonke imikhiqizo yabakhiqizi abakhulu be-PLC emhlabeni wonke ifaka amandla okulawula ukunyakaza, asetshenziswa kakhulu emishinini eyahlukene, amathuluzi emishini, amarobhothi, izikheshi, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
(4) Ukulawulwa Kwenqubo
Ukulawulwa kwenqubo kusho ukulawulwa kwe-loop evaliwe kwamanani e-analogi afana nezinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, nokugeleza. Isebenza kakhulu emikhakheni efana ne-metallurgy, ubunjiniyela bamakhemikhali, ukwelashwa kokushisa, nokulawula ubhayela. Njengamakhompiyutha okulawula izimboni, ama-PLC angahlelwa ngama-algorithms okulawula ahlukahlukene ukuze afeze ukulawula okuvaliwe. Ukulawulwa kwe-PID kuyindlela yokulawula evame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokulawula iluphu evaliwe. Womabili ama-PLC aphakathi nendawo amakhulu afakwe amamojula e-PID, futhi okwamanje, ama-PLC amaningi anosayizi omncane nawo afaka le moduli esebenzayo. Ukucutshungulwa kwe-PID ngokuvamile kuhilela ukusebenzisa isimiso esingaphansi esizinikezele se-PID.
(5) Ukucutshungulwa Kwedatha
Ama-PLC esimanje ahlonyiswe ngokusebenza kwezibalo (okuhlanganisa ukubala kwe-matrix, ukubala komsebenzi, ukusebenza okunengqondo), ukudluliswa kwedatha, ukuguqulwa kwedatha, ukuhlunga, ukubheka ithebula, nemisebenzi yokukhohlisa kancane. Bangakwazi ukuthola idatha, ukuhlaziya, nokucubungula. Le datha ingafaniswa namanani ereferensi agcinwe enkumbulweni ukuze enze imisebenzi ethile yokulawula noma adluliselwe kwamanye amadivaysi ahlakaniphile ngemisebenzi yokuxhumana. Angaphrintwa futhi afakwe kumathebula. Ukucutshungulwa kwedatha kuvame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokulawula ezinkulu, njengamasistimu okukhiqiza aguquguqukayo anganamuntu, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula inqubo, njengalezo zokwenza iphepha, i-metallurgy, kanye nemboni yokudla.
(6) Ukuxhumana Nokuxhumana
Ukuxhumana kwe-PLC kuhlanganisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-PLC naphakathi kwama-PLC namanye amadivaysi ahlakaniphile. Ngokuthuthuka kokulawulwa kwekhompyutha, amanethiwekhi e-automation efektri athuthuke ngokushesha. Bonke abakhiqizi be-PLC bagcizelela kakhulu amandla okuxhumana ama-PLC futhi bethule izinhlelo zabo zenethiwekhi. Ama-PLC asanda kukhiqizwa anezindawo zokuxhumana, okwenza ukuxhumana kube lula kakhulu.
III. Isakhiwo Esiyisisekelo kanye Nomgomo Wokusebenza wama-PLC
Njengekhompyutha yokulawula izimboni, ama-PLC abelana ngokufana ngesakhiwo namakhompyutha ajwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, umehluko uvela ngenxa yezimo ezihlukene zokusetshenziswa nezinjongo.
1. Izingxenye zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zama-PLC
Umdwebo wesakhiwo oyisisekelo womsingathi we-PLC uboniswa esithombeni esingezansi: [Umdwebo]
Kumdwebo, umsingathi we-PLC uqukethe i-CPU, inkumbulo (EPROM, RAM), amayunithi okokufaka/okukhiphayo, izixhumanisi ze-peripheral I/O, izixhumanisi zokuxhumana, kanye nokuphakelwa kwamandla. Kuma-PLC abalulekile, zonke lezi zingxenye zifakwe ngaphakathi kwekhabhinethi efanayo. Kuma-PLC ajwayelekile, ingxenye ngayinye ihlanganiswe ngokuzimela njengemojula, futhi amamojula axhunywe nge-rack nezintambo. Zonke izingxenye ezingaphakathi komsingathi zixhunywe ngamabhasi kagesi, amabhasi okulawula, amabhasi amakheli, namabhasi edatha. Ngokuya ngezidingo zento yokulawula yangempela, amadivaysi angaphandle ahlukahlukene amisiwe ukuze akhe amasistimu okulawula e-PLC ahlukene.
Amadivayisi avamile angaphandle afaka abahleli bezinhlelo, amaphrinta, nababhali be-EPROM. Ama-PLC angabuye afakwe amamojula okuxhumana ukuze axhumane nemishini yezinga eliphezulu namanye ama-PLC, ngaleyo ndlela enze uhlelo lokulawula olusabalalisiwe lwama-PLC.
Ngezansi yisingeniso sengxenye ngayinye ye-PLC nendima yayo, ukusiza abasebenzisi baqonde kangcono izimiso zokulawula nezinqubo zokusebenza zama-PLC.
(1) CPU
I-CPU iyisikhungo sokulawula se-PLC. Ngaphansi kokulawula kwe-CPU, i-PLC ixhumanisa futhi isebenze ngokuhlelekile ukuze ifinyelele ukulawula phezu kwemishini ehlukahlukene esendaweni. Yakhiwe i-microprocessor nesilawuli, i-CPU ingakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi enengqondo neyezibalo futhi iqondise umsebenzi wezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zangaphakathi zesistimu yokulawula. Isilawuli silawula ukusebenza okuhlelekile kwazo zonke izingxenye ze-microprocessor. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukufunda imiyalelo esenkumbulweni nokuyifeza.
(2) Inkumbulo
Ama-PLC afakwe izinhlobo ezimbili zenkumbulo: inkumbulo yesistimu nenkumbulo yomsebenzisi. Imemori yesistimu igcina izinhlelo zokuphatha isistimu, abasebenzisi abangakwazi ukufinyelela kuzo noma ukuzishintsha. Imemori yomsebenzisi igcina izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezimo zedatha yomsebenzi. Ingxenye yenkumbulo yomsebenzisi egcina izifunda zedatha yomsebenzi yaziwa nangokuthi indawo yokugcina idatha. Ihlanganisa izindawo zesithombe sedatha yokufaka/yokukhiphayo, izindawo zedatha yenani elisethiwe ngaphambili kanye nenani lamanje lezibali sikhathi/izinto zokubala, nezindawo zebhafa zokugcina imiphumela emaphakathi.
Inkumbulo ye-PLC ngokuyinhloko ihlanganisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:
Inkumbulo efundwayo kuphela (i-ROM)
Inkumbulo Efundeka Kuphela Ehlelekayo (PROM)
Inkumbulo Efundeka Kuphela Elungisekayo (EPROM)
Inkumbulo Efundeka Kuphela Esuseka Ngogesi (EEPROM)
Inkumbulo yokufinyelela okungahleliwe (RAM)
(3) Okokufaka/Okukhiphayo (I/O) Amamojula
① Ukushintsha Imojula Yokokufaka
Ukushintsha amadivayisi okokufaka kufaka phakathi ukushintsha okuhlukahlukene, izinkinobho, izinzwa, njll. Izinhlobo zokufaka ze-PLC zingaba i-DC, i-AC, noma kokubili. Ukunikezwa kwamandla kwesekethe yokokufaka kunganikezwa ngaphandle, noma kwezinye izimo, kunikezwe ngaphakathi yi-PLC.
② Ukushintsha Imojula Yokuphumayo
Imojula yokukhiphayo iguqula okukhipha amasiginali okulawula izinga le-TTL nge-CPU lapho isebenzisa uhlelo lomsebenzisi libe amasiginali adingekayo kusayithi lokukhiqiza ukushayela okokusebenza okuthile, ngaleyo ndlela kusebenze indlela yokusebenzisa.
(4) Umklami
Umhleli uyidivayisi yangaphandle ebalulekile yama-PLC. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafake izinhlelo kumemori yohlelo lomsebenzisi we-PLC, izinhlelo zokususa iphutha, nokuqapha ukusebenza kohlelo. Ngokohlelo, abahleli bangahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu:
Umhleli Ophathwa ngesandla
Graphical Programmer
I-General Computer Programmer
(5) Ukunikezwa kwamandla
Iyunithi yokuphakela amandla iguqula amandla angaphandle (isb., 220V AC) abe ivolthi yokusebenza yangaphakathi. Amandla kagesi axhumeke ngaphandle aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi asebenzayo adingwa amasekhethi angaphakathi e-PLC (isb., DC 5V, ±12V, 24V) ngesilawuli sikagesi esizinikezele semodi yokushintsha ngaphakathi kwe-PLC. Iphinde inikeze amandla kagesi angu-24V DC kumadivayisi okokufaka angaphandle (isb., amaswishi e-proximity) (amaphoyinti okufaka kuphela). Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushayela imithwalo ye-PLC kunikezwa...
(6) I-Peripheral Interfaces
Amasekhethi esixhumi esibonakalayo axhumanisa abahleli bezinhlelo abaphathwa ngesandla noma abanye abahleli bezithombe, izibonisi zombhalo, futhi bangakha inethiwekhi yokulawula ye-PLC ngesixhumi esibonakalayo se-peripheral. Ama-PLC angakwazi ukuxhuma kumakhompyutha esebenzisa ikhebula le-PC/PPI noma ikhadi le-MPI ngesixhumi esibonakalayo se-RS-485, evumela ukuhlela, ukuqapha, ukunethiwekha, neminye imisebenzi.
2. Izingxenye Zesofthiwe Yama-PLC
Isoftware ye-PLC ihlanganisa izinhlelo zesistimu nezinhlelo zabasebenzisi. Izinhlelo zesistimu ziklanywa futhi zibhalwa abakhiqizi be-PLC futhi zigcinwe kumemori yohlelo lwe-PLC. Abasebenzisi abakwazi ukuzifunda ngokuqondile, ukubhala, noma ukuziguqula. Izinhlelo zesistimu ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izinhlelo zokuxilonga isistimu, izinhlelo zokucubungula okokufaka, izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa, izinhlelo zokudlulisa ulwazi, nezinhlelo zokuqapha, phakathi kokunye.
Uizinhlelo ze-ser zihlanganiswa ngabasebenzisi abasebenzisa izilimi zokuhlela ze-PLC ngokusekelwe kuzidingo zokulawula. Ezinhlelweni ze-PLC, isici esibaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa izilimi zokuhlela ze-PLC ukubhala izinhlelo zabasebenzisi ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo zokulawula. Njengoba ama-PLC enzelwe ngokukhethekile ukulawula izimboni, abasebenzisi bawo abayinhloko ochwepheshe bakagesi. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemikhuba yawo yendabuko kanye nekhono lokufunda, ama-PLC ngokuyinhloko asebenzisa izilimi ezizinikele ezilula, eziqondakalayo, futhi ezinembile uma ziqhathaniswa nezilimi zekhompyutha.
Isakhiwo Semiyalo Esesithombeni
Okuguquguqukayo okucacile nama-Constant
Isakhiwo Sohlelo Esenziwe Lula
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza Isofthiwe Esenziwe Lula
Amathuluzi Okulungisa Amaphutha Athuthukisiwe
3. Isimiso Sokusebenza Esiyisisekelo sama-PLC
Inqubo yokuskena ye-PLC ihlukaniswe ikakhulukazi izigaba ezintathu: isampula yokufaka, ukukhishwa kohlelo lomsebenzisi, kanye nokuvuselela okukhiphayo. Njengoba kuboniswe emfanekisweni: [Umdwebo]
Isiteji Sesampula Sokufaka
Ngesikhathi sesampula sokufakwayo, i-PLC ifunda ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izimo zokufakwayo nedatha ngendlela yokuskena futhi ikugcine kumayunithi ahambisanayo wendawo yesithombe se-I/O. Ngemva kokuqedwa kwesampula okokufaka, inqubo idlulela kuhlelo lomsebenzisi nezigaba zokuvuselela okukhiphayo. Kulezi zigaba ezimbili, ngisho noma izimo zokufakwayo nedatha zishintsha, izimo nedatha kumayunithi ahambisanayo wendawo yesithombe se-I/O ngeke kushintshwe. Ngakho-ke, uma okokufaka kuyisignali ye-pulse, ububanzi be-pulse kufanele bube bukhulu kunomjikelezo wokuskena owodwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi okokufaka kungafundwa ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo.
Isiteji Sokwenza Uhlelo Lomsebenzisi
Phakathi nesigaba sokwenza uhlelo lomsebenzisi, i-PLC ihlale iskena uhlelo lomsebenzisi (umdwebo wesitebhisi) ngokulandelana okuya phezulu phansi. Lapho iskena idayagramu yesitebhisi ngasinye, iqala ngokuskena isiyingi sokulawula esakhiwe ngabathintwayo abasohlangothini lwesokunxele lomdwebo wesitebhisi. Imisebenzi enengqondo yenziwa kumjikelezo wokulawula ngokulandelana kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla, ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi. Bese, ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokusebenza okunengqondo, isimo sebhithi ehambisanayo endaweni yokugcina i-RAM yesistimu yekhoyili enengqondo siyavuselelwa, noma isimo sebhithi ehambisanayo endaweni yesithombe se-I/O sekhoyili ephumayo siyavuselelwa, noma kunqunywa ukuthi kufanele kusetshenziswe yini imiyalelo yomsebenzi okhethekile ocaciswe yisitebhisi seladi.
Okusho ukuthi, ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kohlelo lomsebenzisi, kuphela izimo kanye nedatha yamaphuzu okufakwayo endaweni yesithombe se-I/O ahlala engashintshiwe, kuyilapho izimo nedatha yamanye amaphuzu okukhiphayo kanye namadivayisi athambile endaweni yesithombe se-I/O noma indawo yokugcina i-RAM yesistimu ingashintsha. Imidwebo yesitebhisi ebekwe phezulu izothinta imiphumela yeladi eliphansi elibhekisela kulawa makhoyili noma idatha. Ngokuphambene, izimo ezivuselelwe noma idatha yamakhoyili anengqondo emidwebeni yesitebhisi esiphansi izothonya kuphela imidwebo yesitebhisi esiphezulu emjikelezweni wokuskena olandelayo.
Isiteji Sokuvuselela Okukhiphayo
Lapho ukuskena kohlelo lomsebenzisi sekuqediwe, i-PLC ingena esigabeni sokuvuselela okukhiphayo. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, i-CPU ibuyekeza wonke amasekhethi e-latch okukhiphayo ngokuya ngezimo nedatha endaweni yesithombe se-I/O futhi ishayela ama-peripheral ahambisanayo ngamasekhethi okukhiphayo. Lokhu kuphawula umphumela wangempela we-PLC.
I-Lag Fenomenon Okokufaka/Okukhiphayo
Kusukela kunqubo yokusebenza ye-PLC, kungafinyelelwa eziphethweni ezilandelayo:
Izinhlelo zenziwa ngendlela yokuskena, okuholela ekubambezelekeni okungokwemvelo ebudlelwaneni obunengqondo phakathi kwamasignali okokufaka nokuphumayo. Lapho umjikelezo wokuskena umude, kuba nzima kakhulu ukulibaziseka.
Ngaphezu kwesikhathi esithathwe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zokusebenza—isampula lokokufaka, ukwenziwa kohlelo lomsebenzisi, nokuvuselela okukhiphayo—umjikelezo wokuskena uhlanganisa nesikhathi esisetshenziswa imisebenzi yokuphatha uhlelo. Isikhathi esithathiwe sokwenziwa kohlelo sihlobene nobude bohlelo kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bemisebenzi yemiyalelo, kuyilapho ezinye izici zihlala zingashintshile. Imijikelezo yokuskena ngokuvamile ilandelana ngama-milliseconds noma ama-microseconds.
Phakathi nokwenziwa kokuskena kwe-nth, idatha yokokufaka okuthenjelwa kuyo inani eliyisampula elingu-X elitholwe phakathi nesigaba samasampula salowo mjikelezo wokuskena. Idatha yokuphumayo engu-Y(n) isekelwe kukho kokubili inani lokuphumayo elingu-Y(n-1) kusukela kuskena sangaphambilini kanye nenani lokukhiphayo lamanje elingu-Yn. Isignali ethunyelwe kutheminali yokukhiphayo imele umphumela wokugcina othi Yn ngemva kokuthi zonke izibalo zenziwe phakathi nalo mjikelezo.
I-input/output response lag ayihlobene kuphela nendlela yokuskena kodwa futhi nokuhlelwa komklamo wohlelo.