Magetsi otomatiki Kudzora: Indasitiri Kudzora Matemu, Instrumentation uye Measurement Matemu

Magetsi otomatiki Kudzora: Indasitiri Kudzora Matemu, Instrumentation uye Measurement Matemu

Industrial Control

Yakavharwa - Loop Control

Pfungwa yakakosha mukudzora dzidziso, yakavharwa - loop control inosiyana nekuvhurika - loop control nekudyisa iyo inodzorwa inobuda kumashure kumagumo ekupinza kuti ape simba kutonga. Iyi nzira yemhinduro inobvumira iyo inobuda kuti idzokere kune yekuisa kuburikidza ne "padivi ketani," ichigonesa iyo yekupinza kuti iite kutonga pamusoro pezvinobuda. Chinangwa chekutanga chekuvhara - loop control ndeyekuwana mhinduro - yakavakirwa mutemo.

I/O Mapoinzi

Izwi rinowanzo shandiswa mukutonga masisitimu, mapoinzi eI/O anoreva maInput/Output points. Zvinopinza zviyero zvekuyera kubva kune zviridzwa zvinopinda mukutonga system, nepo zvinobuda zviri control paramita inotumirwa kubva kuhurongwa kuenda kune actuators. Chiyero chehurongwa hwekutonga chinowanzotsanangurwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hweI / O mapoinzi aanogona kugamuchira.

Analog uye Kuchinja Quantities

Mukutonga masisitimu, ma parameter anogona kuve analogi kana kushandura huwandu. Huwandu hweAnalog huri kuramba huchisiyana pakati pehumwe danho, senge tembiricha kana kudzvanywa. Kuchinja huwandu, zvisinei, kune matunhu maviri chete, senge on/off state of switch kana relay.

Kudzora Loop

Kune analog control, mutongi anogadzirisa zvinobuda zvichibva pane yekuisa uchishandisa yakatarwa mitemo uye algorithms, ichigadzira control loop. Kudzora zvishwe zvinogona kuvhurwa - kana kuvharwa - loop. Yakavharwa - loop control, kana mhinduro yemhinduro, ndiyo yakajairika mhando, uko iyo inobuda inodzoserwa kune yekuisa kuti ienzaniswe nehuwandu hweseti.

Vaviri - Position Control

Iyo yakapfava fomu yekudzora mhinduro, inozivikanwawo se switch control. Iyo inokonzera chiratidzo chekuchinja kana iyo yakayerwa kukosha inosvika pakureba kana kushoma. Kunyangwe kukosha kwakayerwa kungave analogi, kutonga kunobuda ndeye digital. Iyi nzira inowanzoshandiswa mumaindasitiri thermoregulators uye nhanho switch.

Proportional Control

Kubuda kwemutongi kunoenzanirana nekutsauswa pakati pemutengo wakayerwa uye kukosha kweseti kana nzvimbo yekutarisa. Proportional control inopa yakapfava mutemo pane maviri - chinzvimbo kutonga uye kubvisa oscillation nyaya dzine chekuita nembiri - chinzvimbo chekutonga.

Integral Control

Mukutonga kwakabatana, shanduko mune inodzorwa shanduko ine hukama nenguva inotora kuti iyo control system inobuda ishande. Iyo actuator inobuda zvishoma nezvishoma inosvika pakukosha kwakatarwa. Iyi nzira yekudzora inowanzoshandiswa mumagadzirirwo ekudzivirira kupisa.

Derivative Control

Derivative control inowanzo shandiswa pamwe chete neproportional uye integral control. Inobvumira iyo control system kuti ipindure kune kutsauka nekukurumidza, kudzivirira husimbe system mhinduro. Pamwe chete nekuenzanisa uye kwakabatana kutonga, inobatsira iyo inodzorwa shanduko inosvika kune yakagadzikana mamiriro nekukurumidza pasina oscillation.

PID Kudzora

Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa chaizvo zvehurongwa hwekutonga, nzira dzekudzora dzinogona kuva P (Proportional), PI (Proportional - Integral), PD (Proportional - Derivative), kana PID (Proportional - Integral - Derivative) control. PID kudzora ndiyo yakajairika kudzora maitiro mukutonga masisitimu.

Kunonoka Kudzora

* Inowanzo shandiswa mukuchinja kudzora maapplication, kunonoka kutonga kunotangisa kunonoka kwenguva pakati pekuchinja kwemamiriro ekuchinja uye kuburitsa kwemutongi. Semuyenzaniso, mumitsetse yekugadzira, maswiti epedyo anowanzoda kunonoka kwemasekonzi akati wandei isati yatanga roller yatanga kushanda mushure mekunge workpiece yaiswa.

Interlock Control

* Frequently used in switching control scenarios, interlock control establishes relationships between switches. For instance, switch C can only be activated when switches A and B are both open, or switch C must open when switch A opens. Interlock control is common in safety - critical applications, such as the vent valve in a reactor, which must open immediately when the pressure reaches a certain level.

Electric Control

* Refers to control systems where the output is achieved through electrical quantities or electronic signals, targeting electrically driven components like relays, solenoid valves, and servo drivers. Most automatic control systems incorporate electric control elements.

Hydraulic Control

* Hydraulic control systems are used in machine and equipment operations, particularly in continuous speed control applications. Hydraulic control is often combined with electric servo control to form highly efficient and precise electro - hydraulic actuators.

Pneumatic Control

* Pneumatic control systems are employed in various scenarios. They utilize compressed air as the power source for signal transmission or actuation. Compressed air is widely used in factories due to its availability, cleanliness, safety, and simple control functionality, making pneumatic tools common in many production lines.

Interpolation

* Interpolation is the process by which a machine tool CNC system determines the tool path using a specific method. It involves calculating intermediate points between known data points on a curve, also known as "data point densification." The CNC system generates the required contour trajectory by densifying the data between the start and end points of a program segment.

Position, Velocity, uye Current Loops

* The concept of loops involves using feedback to enhance the stability and performance of application systems.

* Current loop control aims to regulate voltage by using current signal transmission to compensate for losses, voltage drops, and noise during voltage transmission.

* The relationship between speed and position is based on the formula: distance = speed × time. The continuous variation of speed over a time interval results in the integral of speed over that interval, which corresponds to the distance traveled (position).

* The relationship between speed and current is defined by: speed = acceleration × time. Acceleration depends on the applied current, and the integral of acceleration over a time interval yields the instantaneous speed.

* In torque control mode, the servo motor rotates at a set torque by maintaining a constant output from the current loop. If the external load torque equals or exceeds the motor's set output torque, the motor's output torque remains constant, and the motor follows the load movement. Conversely, if the external load torque is less than the motor's set output torque, the motor continues to accelerate until it reaches the maximum allowed speed of the motor or drive, at which point an alarm is triggered and the motor stops.

* In velocity mode, the motor speed is set, and the speed feedback from the motor's encoder forms a closed - loop control system. The purpose is to ensure that the actual speed of the servo motor matches the set speed.

* Iyo yekudzora kubuda kwevelocity loop inoshanda seye torque - modhi yazvino - loop torque setpoint. Munzvimbo yekudzora modhi, iyo nzvimbo yekumisikidza yakapihwa nekombuta inotambira uye chiratidzo chemhinduro kubva kune mota encoder kana yakananga chinzvimbo chekuyera mhinduro kubva kumidziyo inofananidzwa kugadzira chinzvimbo loop. This ensures that the servo motor moves to the set position. The output of the position loop is fed into the velocity loop as the velocity - loop setpoint. Saka, torque - control mode inoshandisa yazvino - control loop seyakanyanya kukosha layer. Iyo velocity - control loop yakavakirwa pane yazvino - control loop, uye chinzvimbo - control loop yakavakirwa pane ese ari maviri velocity - uye yazvino - control loops.

Instrumentation and Measurement Terms

Range

Kuenderera mberi kwehuwandu hunotsanangurwa nepamusoro uye pasi pemiganhu.

Measuring Range

Huwandu hwezviyero zvakayerwa izvo chiridzwa chinokwanisa kuwana huchokwadi hwakatarwa.

Measuring Range Lower Limit: Iyo shoma yakayerwa kukosha iyo chiridzwa chinogona kuwana iyo yakatsanangurwa chokwadi.

Measuring Range Upper Limit: Iyo yakanyanya kuyerwa kukosha iyo chiridzwa chinogona kuwana iyo yakatsanangurwa chokwadi.

Span

Musiyano wealgebraic pakati pemiganho yekumusoro neyezasi yenzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, kana huwandu huri kubva -20 ° C kusvika 100 ° C, nguva yacho i120 ° C.

Performance Characteristic

Parameters inotsanangura basa uye kugona kwechiridzwa uye uwandu hwekutaura.

Reference Performance Characteristic: Maitiro ekuita anowanikwa pasi pekutarisa mamiriro ekushanda.

Linear Scale

A scale where the spacing between scale divisions and the corresponding measured values have a constant proportional relationship.

Nonlinear Scale

Chikero apo kupatsanurwa pakati pezvikamu zvezvikero nezviyereso zvinoenzanirana zvine hukama husiri - hunoramba huchienzana.

Suppressed - Zero Scale

Chikero icho chikero chisingabatanidzi kukosha kwechikero chinoenderana ne zero kukosha kwehuwandu hwakayerwa.

Expanded Scale

Chikero apo chikamu chisina kuenzana chehurefu hwechiyero chinotorwa nechikamu chakawedzerwa chechiyero.

Scale

Seti yezvikero zvakarongwa uye nhamba dzakabatana dzinoumba chikamu chemudziyo unotaridza.

Scale Range

* Huwandu hunotsanangurwa nekutanga uye yekupedzisira kukosha kwechiyero.

Scale Mark

* Mucherechedzo pachiratidziro chinoenderana neimwechete kana anopfuura chaiwo akayerwa kukosha.

Zero Scale Mark

* Chikero chemucherechedzo kana mutsetse pachikero chinofambirana ne zero kukosha kwehuwandu hwakayerwa.

Scale Division

* Chikamu chechikero chiri pakati pezvikero zviviri zviri pedyo.

Scale Division Value

* Musiyano uripo pakati pezviyero zvakayerwa zvinoenderana nezvikero zviviri zviri pedyo.

Scale Division Spacing

* Chinhambwe chiri pakati pemitsetse yepakati yezvikero zvipi zviviri zviri pedyo nechiyero chehurefu.

Scale Length

* Hurefu hwechikamu chemutsara, chingave chaicho kana chekufungidzira, chichipfuura nepakati pezvikero zvipfupi zvese pakati pezvikero zvekutanga uye zvekupedzisira.

Scale Kutanga Kukosha

* Hukoshi hwakayerwa hunoenderana neyekutanga sikero mamaki.

Scale End Value

* Hukoshi hwakayerwa hunoenderana nechiyero chekupedzisira.

Scale Numbering

* Seti yenhamba pachiyero inoenderana neakayerwa makoshero anotsanangurwa nezvikero mamakisi kana kuratidza kurongeka kwezvikero.

Zero of a Measuring Instrument

* Chiratidzo chakananga chemudziyo wekuyeresa kana simba rose rekubatsira rinodiwa pakushanda kwaro rinoshandiswa uye kukosha kwakayerwa i zero.

 * Muzviitiko apo mudziyo wekuyera unoshandisa simba rekubatsira, izwi iri rinowanzonzi "magetsi zero."

 * Kana chiridzwa chisiri kushanda nekuda kwekushaikwa kwesimba rekubatsira, izwi rekuti "mechanical zero" rinowanzoshandiswa.

Instrument Constant

* Coefficient iyo iyo yakananga chiratidzo chechiyero chekuyera inofanira kuwanda kuti uwane kukosha kwakayerwa.

Characteristic Curve

* Curve inoratidza hukama hwekushanda pakati pezvakatsiga - state inobuda kukosha kwechiridzwa uye imwe yekuwedzera huwandu, nehumwe huwandu hwese hwekupinza hunochengetedzwa pane dzakatsanangurwa dzinogara dzichikosha.

Specified Characteristic Curve

* Iyo curve inoratidza hukama hwekushanda pakati peiyo steady - state kubuda kukosha kwechiridzwa uye imwe yekuwedzera huwandu pasi pemamiriro akatarwa.

Kugadzirisa

* Mashandiro akaitwa kuona kuti chiridzwa chiri mumamiriro ekushanda akajairwa uye kubvisa kutsauka pakushandisa kwakakodzera.

 * ** Kugadziriswa Kwemushandisi **: Kugadziriswa kunobvumidzwa kuitwa nemushandisi.

Calibration

* Kuitwa kwekumisikidza, pasi pemamiriro akatarwa, hukama pakati pehukoshi hunoratidzwa nechiyereso chekuyeresa kana hurongwa uye zvinoenderana zvinozivikanwa hunhu hwehuwandu hwakayerwa.

Calibration Curve

* Goko rinoratidza hukama pakati pehuwandu hwakayerwa uye kukosha chaiko kwakayerwa kwechiridzwa pasi pemamiriro akatarwa.

Calibration Cycle

* Iko kusanganiswa kweyekumusoro calibration curve uye yakadzika calibration curve pakati peyekugonesa miganhu yechiridzwa.

Calibration Table

* Iyo tabular inomiririra yecalibration curve.

Traceability

* Chimiro chechiyero chekuyera chinogona kuenderana nezviyero zvakakodzera (kazhinji zviyero zvepasirese kana nyika) kuburikidza netani isina kuputika yekuenzanisa.

Sensitivity

* Iko quotient yeshanduko mukubuda kwechiridzwa uye shanduko inoenderana muhuwandu hwekupinza.

Kururama

* Chiyero chekuenderana pakati pechiratidzo chechiridzwa uye kukosha kwechokwadi kwehuwandu hwakayerwa.

Kirasi Yakarurama

* Kurongeka kwezviridzwa zvinoenderana nekururama kwazvo.

Miganhu yeKukanganisa

* Kukanganisa kwakanyanya kunobvumidzwa kwechiridzwa sekutsanangurwa kwezviyero kana tekinoroji yakatarwa.

Basic Error

* Kukanganisa kwechiridzwa pasi pemamiriro ekutarisa.

Conformity

* Chiyero chekuenderana pakati peyakajairwa curve uye yakatsanangurwa hunhu curve (senge mutsara wakatwasuka, logarithmic curve, parabolic curve, nezvimwewo).