PLC Knowledge Round-Up: Kuwerenga Kofunikira kwa Injiniya Zamagetsi!
PLC Knowledge Round-Up: Kuwerenga Kofunikira kwa Injiniya Zamagetsi!
I. Tanthauzo ndi Magulu a PLC
PLC, kapena Programmable Logic Controller, ndi m'badwo watsopano wa zida zowongolera mafakitale. Imatengera ma microprocessors ndipo imaphatikiza ukadaulo wapakompyuta, ukadaulo wowongolera zokha, komanso ukadaulo wolumikizirana. Zopangidwira malo opangira mafakitale, ma PLC amakhala ndi mapulogalamu osavuta kumva pogwiritsa ntchito "chilankhulo chachilengedwe" cholunjika kumayendedwe owongolera ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Amadziwika ndi kuphweka, kosavuta kugwira ntchito, komanso kudalirika kwakukulu.
Zochokera ku relay sequential control, ma PLC amakhazikika mozungulira ma microprocessors ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati zida zowongolera zokha. Tiyeni tifufuze mwatsatanetsatane:
1. Tanthauzo
A PLC ndi makina apakompyuta a digito opangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale. Imagwiritsa ntchito kukumbukira kosinthika kuti isunge malangizo ogwirira ntchito monga kuwerengera zomveka, kuwongolera motsatizana, nthawi, kuwerengera, ndi masamu. Polumikizana ndi zolowetsa za digito ndi analogi ndi zotuluka, ma PLC amawongolera zida zamakina ndi njira zopangira. Ma PLC onse ndi zida zawo zotumphukira adapangidwa kuti aziphatikizana mosasunthika ndi machitidwe owongolera mafakitale ndikuwongolera kukula kwantchito.
2. Gulu
Zogulitsa za PLC zimabwera mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi kuthekera kosiyanasiyana. Amagawidwa mosiyanasiyana kutengera mawonekedwe, kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuchuluka kwa mfundo za I/O.
2.1 Kugawikana ndi Fomu Yamapangidwe
Ma PLC amatha kugawidwa m'magulu ophatikizika komanso osinthika kutengera mawonekedwe awo.
(1) Integral PLC
Zida zapanyumba za Integral PLCs monga magetsi, CPU, ndi I/O zolumikizira mkati mwa nduna imodzi. Amadziwika ndi kapangidwe kawo kakang'ono, kakulidwe kakang'ono, komanso kukwanitsa. Ma PLC ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri amatengera izi. PLC yofunikira imakhala ndi gawo loyambira (lomwe limadziwikanso kuti gawo lalikulu) lomwe lili ndi ma I/O osiyanasiyana komanso gawo lokulitsa. Chigawo choyambirira chimakhala ndi CPU, I/O interfaces, doko lokulitsa kuti mulumikizidwe ndi magawo okulitsa a I/O, ndi malo olumikizirana ndi wopanga mapulogalamu kapena wolemba EPROM. Mbali yowonjezera, kumbali ina, imakhala ndi I / O yokha ndi zida zamagetsi, popanda CPU. Chigawo choyambirira ndi gawo lokulitsa nthawi zambiri zimalumikizidwa kudzera pa chingwe chophwanyika. Integral PLCs imathanso kukhala ndi magawo apadera ogwirira ntchito, monga ma analogi ndi mayunitsi owongolera malo, kuti akulitse luso lawo.
(2) Modular PLC
Ma Modular PLCs amakhala ndi ma module apadera pagawo lililonse, monga ma module a CPU, ma module a I / O, ma module amagetsi (nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa mkati mwa CPU module), ndi ma module osiyanasiyana ogwirira ntchito. Ma module awa amayikidwa pa chimango kapena backplane. Ubwino wa ma modular PLCs uli pakusintha kwawo kosinthika, kulola kusankha masikelo amachitidwe osiyanasiyana ngati pakufunika. Zimakhalanso zosavuta kusonkhanitsa, kukulitsa, ndi kukonza. Ma PLC apakati komanso akulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osinthika.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma PLC ena amaphatikiza mawonekedwe amitundu yonse yofunikira komanso yokhazikika, ndikupanga zomwe zimadziwika kuti PLC yodzaza. M'ma PLC osungidwa, zinthu monga CPU, magetsi, ndi ma I/O interfaces ndi ma module odziyimira pawokha olumikizidwa kudzera pa zingwe ndipo amatha kusanjika ndi wosanjikiza. Kapangidwe kameneka sikumangopereka masinthidwe osinthika komanso amalola kukula kophatikizana.
2.2 Gulu mwa Ntchito
Kutengera mphamvu zawo zogwirira ntchito, ma PLC amatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: otsika, apakati, ndi apamwamba.
(1) Low-end PLC
Ma PLC otsika amakhala ndi ntchito zoyambira monga magwiridwe antchito, nthawi, kuwerengera, kusuntha, kudzizindikira, ndikuwunika. Angaphatikizeponso zochepa zolowera / zotulutsa za analogi, ntchito zamasamu, kusamutsa deta ndi kufananitsa, ndi ntchito zolumikizirana. Ma PLC awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamakina owongolera makina amodzi omwe amaphatikiza kuwongolera momveka bwino, kuwongolera motsatizana, kapena kuwongolera pang'ono kwa analogi.
(2) Mid-range PLC
Kuphatikiza pa ntchito za ma PLC otsika, ma PLC apakati amapereka mphamvu zamphamvu pakulowetsa / kutulutsa kwa analogi, ntchito za masamu, kusamutsa deta ndi kufananitsa, kutembenuza kwa manambala, I / O yakutali, ma subroutines, ndi maukonde olumikizirana. Zina zitha kukhalanso ndi zowongolera zosokoneza ndi ntchito zowongolera za PID, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera machitidwe owongolera ovuta.
(3) PLC yapamwamba
Ma PLC apamwamba kwambiri, kuwonjezera pa kuthekera kwa ma PLC apakati, amaphatikizanso ntchito zapamwamba monga masamu osainidwa, kuwerengera matrix, magwiridwe antchito a bit logic, mawerengero a square root, ndi ntchito zina zapadera. Amakhalanso ndi luso lopanga tebulo komanso kuthekera kosinthira matebulo. Ma PLC apamwamba amadzitamandira kulumikizana kopitilira muyeso ndi magwiridwe antchito apaintaneti, zomwe zimathandizira kuwongolera njira zazikulu kapena kupanga makina owongolera ma netiweki, potero amakwaniritsa makina opangira mafakitale.
2.3 Kugawikana ndi I/O Mfundo
Kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma I/O, ma PLC amatha kugawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, apakati, ndi akulu.
(1) Small PLC
Ma PLC ang'onoang'ono ali ndi mfundo zosakwana 256 I/O, amakhala ndi CPU imodzi, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mapurosesa a 8-bit kapena 16-bit. Kuchuluka kwa kukumbukira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumakhala pansi pa 4KB.
(2) Medium PLC
Ma PLC apakati ali ndi pakati pa 256 ndi 2048 I/O mfundo, amagwiritsa ntchito ma CPU apawiri, ndipo amakhala ndi kukumbukira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuyambira 2KB mpaka 8KB.
(3) PLC yayikulu
Ma PLC akuluakulu amadzitamandira ndi mfundo za 2048 I/O, amagwiritsa ntchito ma CPU angapo, ndipo ali ndi mapurosesa a 16-bit kapena 32-bit. Kuchuluka kwa kukumbukira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumayambira 8KB mpaka 16KB.
Padziko lonse lapansi, zinthu za PLC zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu akuluakulu: America, European, ndi Japan. Tekinoloje zaku America ndi European PLC zidapangidwa paokha, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa malonda awo. Ukadaulo waku Japan PLC, woyambitsidwa kuchokera ku United States, umatenga zinthu zina kuchokera ku American PLCs koma umayang'ana kwambiri ma PLC ang'onoang'ono. Ngakhale ma PLC aku America ndi aku Europe amadziwika ndi zopereka zawo zapakatikati komanso zazikulu, ma PLC aku Japan ndi otchuka chifukwa cha anzawo ang'onoang'ono.
II. Ntchito ndi Magawo Ogwiritsa Ntchito a PLCs
Ma PLC amaphatikiza zabwino zowongolera ma relay-contactor komanso kusinthasintha kwa makompyuta. Mapangidwe apaderawa赋予了PLCs ambiri osayerekezeka poyerekeza ndi owongolera ena.
1. Ntchito za PLCs
Monga chida chapadziko lonse lapansi chowongolera zodziwikiratu chomwe chimakhazikika mozungulira ma microprocessors ndikuphatikiza ukadaulo wamakompyuta, ukadaulo wodziwongolera okha, ndiukadaulo wolumikizirana, ma PLC amapereka zabwino zambiri. Izi zikuphatikiza kudalirika kwakukulu, kukula kophatikizika, magwiridwe antchito amphamvu, mawonekedwe osavuta komanso osinthika apulogalamu, kusinthasintha, komanso kukonza kosavuta. Chifukwa chake, ma PLC amapeza ntchito zambiri m'magawo monga zitsulo, mphamvu, mankhwala, zoyendera, ndi kupanga magetsi, zomwe zikutuluka ngati imodzi mwazipilala zitatu zaulamuliro wamakono wamakampani (pamodzi ndi maloboti ndi CAD/CAM). Kutengera mawonekedwe a ma PLC, mawonekedwe awo ogwira ntchito atha kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere:
(1) Kusintha logic Control
Ma PLC ali ndi luso lotha kuwerengera momveka bwino, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kuwongolera njira zingapo zosavuta komanso zovuta. Ili ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri komanso logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri la ma PLC, m'malo mwachikhalidwe chowongolera olumikizirana.
(2) Kuwongolera kwa Analogi
PLMa C ali ndi ma module a A/D ndi D/A. Module ya A / D imatembenuza kuchuluka kwa analogi kuchokera kumunda-monga kutentha, kupanikizika, kutuluka, ndi liwiro-kukhala kuchuluka kwa digito. Kuchuluka kwa digito kumeneku kumasinthidwa ndi microprocessor mkati mwa PLC (monga ma microprocessors amatha kunyamula kuchuluka kwa digito) kenako amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera. Kapenanso, gawo la D/A limasintha kuchuluka kwa digito kukhala kuchuluka kwa analogi kuti azitha kuyang'anira chinthu cholamulidwa, motero amalola ma PLC kukhala ndi mphamvu pa kuchuluka kwa analogi.
(3) Kuwongolera Njira
Ma PLC amakono apakati komanso akulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma module owongolera a PID, omwe amathandizira kuwongolera njira zotsekeka. Kusinthasintha kumapatuka panthawi yowongolera, PLC imawerengera zotuluka zolondola pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm ya PID, potero imasintha njira yopangira ndikusunga zosinthika pamalowo. Pakadali pano, ma PLC ang'onoang'ono ambiri amaphatikizanso magwiridwe antchito a PID.
(4) Kuwongolera Nthawi ndi Kuwerengera
Ma PLC amadzitamandira ndi mphamvu zowerengera nthawi komanso zowerengera, zomwe zimatha kupereka zambiri, mazana, kapena masauzande a nthawi ndi zowerengera. Kutalika kwa nthawi ndi kuwerengera kungathe kukhazikitsidwa mosasamala ndi wogwiritsa ntchito polemba pulogalamu ya wogwiritsa ntchito, kapena ndi ogwira ntchito pamalowo kudzera mwa wopanga mapulogalamu. Izi zimathandizira kuwongolera nthawi ndi kuwerengera. Ngati ogwiritsa ntchito akufunika kuwerengera zizindikiro zothamanga kwambiri, amatha kusankha ma module owerengera othamanga kwambiri.
(5) Sequential Control
Pakuwongolera mafakitale, kuwongolera motsatizana kumatha kutheka kudzera mu malangizo a PLC kapena kulembetsa pulogalamu yosinthira.
(6) Kusintha kwa Data
Ma PLC amakono samangotha kuchita masamu, kusamutsa deta, kusanja, ndi kuyang'ana tebulo koma amathanso kufananitsa deta, kutembenuza deta, kulankhulana ndi deta, kuwonetsera deta, ndi kusindikiza. Iwo ali ndi luso lamphamvu lokonza data.
(7) Kulankhulana ndi Maukonde
Ma PLC amakono ambiri amaphatikiza matekinoloje olumikizirana ndi maukonde, okhala ndi RS-232 kapena RS-485 yolumikizira kuwongolera kwakutali kwa I/O. Ma PLC angapo amatha kulumikizidwa ndikulumikizana wina ndi mnzake. Magawo opangira ma Signal a zida zakunja amatha kusinthana mapulogalamu ndi data ndi owongolera omwe amatha kusinthidwa kapena angapo. Kusamutsa mapulogalamu, kusamutsa mafayilo, kuyang'anira, ndi kuwunika zitha kupezedwa kudzera m'malo olumikizirana kapena ma processor olumikizirana, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zolumikizirana za Hardware kapena njira zolumikizirana ndi eni kuti athandizire kusamutsa deta.
2. Minda Yogwiritsira Ntchito PLCs
Pakadali pano, ma PLC amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mdziko muno komanso padziko lonse lapansi m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza chitsulo ndi chitsulo, mafuta, mankhwala, mphamvu, zomangira, kupanga makina, magalimoto, nsalu zopepuka, zoyendera, kuteteza chilengedwe, komanso zosangalatsa zachikhalidwe. Ntchito zawo zitha kugawidwa mozama motere:
(1) Kusintha logic Control
Ili ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri komanso logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri la ma PLC, m'malo mwa mabwalo achikhalidwe kuti athe kuwongolera motsatana komanso motsatana. Ma PLC angagwiritsidwe ntchito poyang'anira makina amodzi komanso kuwongolera magulu amitundu yambiri komanso mizere yopangira makina, monga makina opangira jekeseni, makina osindikizira, makina ojambulira, zida zamakina ophatikizira, makina opera, mizere yopangira ma CD, ndi mizere ya msonkhano wa electroplating.
(2) Kuwongolera kwa Analogi
M'njira zopangira mafakitale, kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kosalekeza-monga kutentha, kuthamanga, kuyenda, kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi, ndi liwiro - ndi kuchuluka kwa analogi. Kuti ma PLC athe kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa analogi, kutembenuka kwa A/D ndi D/A pakati pa kuchuluka kwa analogi ndi digito kuyenera kuchitika. Opanga PLC amapanga ma module osinthira a A/D ndi D/A kuti athandizire kuwongolera ma analogi a PLC.
(3) Kuwongolera Kuyenda
PLCangagwiritsidwe ntchito rotary kapena liniya zoyenda ulamuliro. Pankhani ya kasinthidwe kadongosolo, mapulogalamu oyambilira amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi masensa am'malo ndi ma actuators kuti asinthe ma module a I / O. Masiku ano, ma module apadera owongolera zoyenda amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma module awa amatha kuyendetsa ma single-axis kapena ma multi-axis malo owongolera ma stepper motors kapena ma servo motors. Pafupifupi zinthu zonse zazikulu za opanga PLC padziko lonse lapansi zimakhala ndi mphamvu zowongolera zoyenda, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina osiyanasiyana, zida zamakina, maloboti, ma elevator, ndi ntchito zina.
(4) Kuwongolera Njira
Kuwongolera njira kumatanthawuza kuwongolera kotseka kwa kuchuluka kwa analogi monga kutentha, kuthamanga, ndi kuyenda. Ili ndi ntchito zambiri m'magawo monga zitsulo, engineering yamankhwala, chithandizo cha kutentha, ndi kuwongolera kwa boiler. Monga makompyuta owongolera mafakitale, ma PLC amatha kukonzedwa ndi njira zingapo zowongolera kuti akwaniritse kuwongolera kotseka. Kuwongolera kwa PID ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina owongolera otseka. Ma PLC onse apakati ndi akulu ali ndi ma module a PID, ndipo pakadali pano, ma PLC ang'onoang'ono ambiri amakhalanso ndi gawo logwira ntchitoli. Kusintha kwa PID nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuyendetsa gawo lodzipatulira la PID.
(5) Kusintha kwa Data
Ma PLC amakono ali ndi machitidwe a masamu (kuphatikiza masamu a masamu, kuwerengera kwa magwiridwe antchito, magwiridwe antchito anzeru), kusamutsa deta, kutembenuza deta, kusanja, kuyang'ana patebulo, ndikusintha pang'ono. Atha kuchita zopezera deta, kusanthula, ndi kukonza. Izi zitha kufananizidwa ndi zidziwitso zomwe zimasungidwa kukumbukira kuti zigwire ntchito zina zowongolera kapena kutumizidwa ku zida zina zanzeru kudzera pazolumikizana. Amathanso kusindikizidwa ndikujambulidwa. Kukonza deta nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makina akuluakulu owongolera, monga makina opanga osinthika osayendetsedwa ndi anthu, komanso machitidwe owongolera, monga akupanga mapepala, zitsulo, ndi mafakitale azakudya.
(6) Kulankhulana ndi Maukonde
Kulankhulana kwa PLC kumaphatikizapo kulankhulana pakati pa ma PLC ndi pakati pa ma PLC ndi zida zina zanzeru. Ndi chitukuko cha kulamulira makompyuta, fakitale automation maukonde apita patsogolo mofulumira. Opanga onse a PLC amagogomezera kwambiri kuthekera kwa kulumikizana kwa ma PLC ndipo ayambitsa makina awo amtaneti. Ma PLC omwe angopangidwa kumene ali ndi njira zolumikizirana, zomwe zimapangitsa kulumikizana kukhala kosavuta.
III. Kapangidwe Koyambira ndi Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito ya PLCs
Monga makompyuta owongolera mafakitale, ma PLC amagawana zofanana pamakompyuta wamba. Komabe, kusiyana kumachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito komanso zolinga.
1. Zida Zamagetsi za PLCs
Chithunzi choyambirira cha wolandila PLC chikuwonetsedwa pachithunzi pansipa: [Chithunzi]
Pachithunzichi, gulu la PLC lili ndi CPU, kukumbukira (EPROM, RAM), zolowetsa / zotulutsa, zolumikizira za I / O, zolumikizirana, ndi magetsi. Kwa ma PLC ofunikira, zigawo zonsezi zimayikidwa mkati mwa nduna imodzi. Mu modular PLCs, chigawo chilichonse chimayikidwa paokha ngati gawo, ndipo ma module amalumikizidwa kudzera pa rack ndi zingwe. Magawo onse omwe ali mkati mwa wolandirayo amalumikizidwa kudzera pamabasi amagetsi, mabasi owongolera, mabasi adilesi, ndi mabasi a data. Malingana ndi zofunikira za chinthu chenichenicho chowongolera, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zakunja zimapangidwira kupanga machitidwe osiyanasiyana olamulira a PLC.
Zida zodziwika zakunja zimaphatikizapo opanga mapulogalamu, osindikiza, ndi olemba EPROM. Ma PLC amathanso kukhala ndi ma module olankhulirana kuti azilumikizana ndi makina apamwamba kwambiri ndi ma PLC ena, potero amapanga njira yoyendetsera ma PLC.
Pansipa pali mawu oyamba a gawo lililonse la PLC ndi udindo wake, kuthandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa bwino mfundo zowongolera ndi njira zogwirira ntchito za PLC.
(1) CPU
CPU ndiye malo owongolera a PLC. Motsogozedwa ndi CPU, PLC imagwirizanitsa ndikugwira ntchito mwadongosolo kuti ikwaniritse zida zosiyanasiyana zapatsamba. Wopangidwa ndi microprocessor ndi wowongolera, CPU imatha kuchita zinthu zomveka komanso masamu ndikugwirizanitsa ntchito zamagulu osiyanasiyana amkati mwadongosolo. Woyang'anira amayendetsa ntchito mwadongosolo magawo onse a microprocessor. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuwerenga malangizo kuchokera pamtima ndikuwachita.
(2) Chikumbukiro
Ma PLC ali ndi mitundu iwiri ya kukumbukira: kukumbukira kwamakina ndi kukumbukira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Memory System imasunga mapulogalamu oyang'anira makina, omwe ogwiritsa ntchito sangathe kuwapeza kapena kusintha. Malo osungira ogwiritsira ntchito opangidwa ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito komanso deta ya ntchito. Gawo la kukumbukira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito lomwe limasunga zidziwitso za ntchito limadziwikanso kuti malo osungiramo data. Zimaphatikizapo madera a zithunzi zolowetsa/zotulutsa, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale komanso zamtengo wapatali wanthawi yayitali/zowerengera, ndi zone zosungira zosungiramo zotsatira zapakatikati.
Kukumbukira kwa PLC kumaphatikizapo mitundu iyi:
Memory-Only Memory (ROM)
Memory Read-Only Memory (PROM)
Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)
Memory Erasable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) Yosavuta Kuwonongeka
Memory Access Random (RAM)
(3) Zolowetsa / Zotulutsa (I/O) Ma module
① Kusintha Module Yolowetsa
Kusintha zida zolowetsa kumaphatikizapo masiwichi osiyanasiyana, mabatani, masensa, ndi zina. Mitundu yolowetsa ya PLC ikhoza kukhala DC, AC, kapena zonse ziwiri. Mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zolowera zimatha kuperekedwa kunja, kapena nthawi zina, kuperekedwa mkati ndi PLC.
② Kusintha Module Yotulutsa
Gawo lotulutsa limasintha ma siginecha owongolera a TTL-level ndi CPU pochita pulogalamu ya ogwiritsa ntchito kukhala ma siginecha ofunikira pamalo opangira kuti ayendetse zida zinazake, potero yambitsa njira yochitira.
(4) Wopanga mapulogalamu
Wopanga mapulogalamu ndi chida chofunikira chakunja cha PLCs. Imalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuyika mapulogalamu mu kukumbukira kwa pulogalamu ya PLC, mapulogalamu ochotsa zolakwika, ndikuwunika momwe pulogalamuyo ikuyendera. Mwadongosolo, opanga mapulogalamu amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu:
Wopanga Pamanja
Graphical Programmer
General Computer Programmer
(5) Kupereka Mphamvu
Chigawo chamagetsi chimatembenuza mphamvu zakunja (mwachitsanzo, 220V AC) kukhala magetsi ogwirira ntchito mkati. Magetsi olumikizidwa kunja amasinthidwa kukhala voteji yogwira ntchito yofunidwa ndi mabwalo amkati a PLC (mwachitsanzo, DC 5V, ± 12V, 24V) kudzera pamagetsi odzipatulira osinthira mkati mwa PLC. Imaperekanso magetsi a 24V DC pazida zolowera kunja (monga ma switch oyandikira) (pamalo olowetsa okha). Mphamvu zoyendetsera katundu wa PLC zimaperekedwa ndi ...
(6) Zolumikizana Zozungulira
Zozungulira zozungulira zolumikizira zimalumikiza opanga mapulogalamu am'manja kapena mapulogalamu ena ojambula, zowonetsera, ndipo amatha kupanga netiweki yowongolera ya PLC kudzera pamawonekedwe otumphukira. Ma PLC amatha kulumikizana ndi makompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe cha PC/PPI kapena khadi ya MPI kudzera mu mawonekedwe a RS-485, kupangitsa mapulogalamu, kuyang'anira, maukonde, ndi ntchito zina.
2. Mapulogalamu a Mapulogalamu a PLC
Pulogalamu ya PLC imakhala ndi mapulogalamu a machitidwe ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsa ntchito. Mapulogalamu amachitidwe amapangidwa ndikulembedwa ndi opanga PLC ndikusungidwa mu memory ya PLC. Ogwiritsa sangathe kuwerenga, kulemba, kapena kusintha mwachindunji. Mapulogalamu amakasitomala amaphatikizapo mapulogalamu owunikira, mapulogalamu opangira zolowetsa, mapulogalamu ophatikiza, mapulogalamu otumizira zidziwitso, ndi mapulogalamu oyang'anira, ndi zina.
Umapulogalamu a ser amapangidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo zamapulogalamu a PLC kutengera zomwe amazilamulira. M'mapulogalamu a PLC, chofunikira kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo za PLC kulemba mapulogalamu a ogwiritsa ntchito kuti akwaniritse zolinga zowongolera. Popeza ma PLC amapangidwa makamaka kuti aziwongolera mafakitale, ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi akatswiri amagetsi. Kuti akwaniritse zizolowezi zawo zakale komanso luso lawo lophunzirira, ma PLC makamaka amagwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo zodzipatulira zomwe zimakhala zosavuta, zomveka, komanso zomveka poyerekeza ndi zilankhulo zamakompyuta.
Kapangidwe ka Malangizo Ojambula
Zosintha Zachidule ndi Zosasintha
Mapangidwe a Pulogalamu Yosavuta
Njira Yopangira Mapulogalamu Osavuta Ogwiritsa Ntchito
Zida Zowonjezera Zowonongeka
3. Mfundo Yoyambira Yogwira Ntchito ya PLCs
Kusanthula kwa PLC kumagawika m'magawo atatu: sampuli zolowetsa, kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya ogwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutsitsimula zotulutsa. Monga momwe chithunzichi chikuwonekera: [Chithunzi]
Lowetsani Sampling Stage
Munthawi yotengera zitsanzo, PLC imawerengera motsatana ziwerengero zonse ndi zidziwitso m'njira yosanthula ndikuzisunga m'magawo ofananira a gawo la zithunzi za I/O. Pambuyo pomaliza kuyesa sampuli, ndondomekoyi imapitilira ku machitidwe a pulogalamu ya ogwiritsa ntchito ndi magawo otsitsimula. M'magawo awiriwa, ngakhale zizindikiro zolowetsamo ndi kusintha kwa deta, zizindikiro ndi deta mumagulu ofanana a malo a chithunzi cha I / O sizidzasinthidwa. Chifukwa chake, ngati kulowetsako ndi chizindikiro cha pulse, kuchuluka kwa pulse kuyenera kukhala kokulirapo kuposa kusanthula kumodzi kuti zitsimikizire kuti zomwe zalowetsedwa zitha kuwerengedwa munthawi iliyonse.
Gawo la Kugwiritsa Ntchito Pulogalamu
Munthawi yoyendetsera pulogalamu ya ogwiritsa ntchito, PLC nthawi zonse imayang'ana pulogalamu ya ogwiritsa ntchito (chithunzi cha makwerero) motsatana pamwamba. Ikasanthula chithunzi chilichonse cha makwerero, imayang'ana kaye gawo lowongolera lomwe limapangidwa ndi zolumikizira kumanzere kwa chithunzi cha makwerero. Zochita zomveka zimachitidwa pamayendedwe owongolera motsatira kumanzere kupita kumanja, kumtunda mpaka pansi. Kenako, kutengera zotsatira za ntchito zomveka, udindo wa pang'ono lolingana mu dongosolo RAM malo kusungirako kwa koyilo zomveka amatsitsimutsidwa, kapena udindo wa pang'ono lolingana mu I/O fano m'dera la linanena bungwe koyilo atsitsimutsidwe, kapena anatsimikiza ngati achite ntchito yapadera malangizo otchulidwa ndi makwerero chithunzi.
Ndiko kuti, panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pulogalamu ya ogwiritsira ntchito, zizindikiro zokha ndi deta ya malo olowetsamo mu malo a chithunzi cha I / O zimakhalabe zosasinthika, pamene zizindikiro ndi deta ya mfundo zina zotulutsa ndi zipangizo zofewa m'dera la chithunzi cha I / O kapena malo osungirako RAM angasinthe. Zithunzi za makwerero zomwe zili m'mwamba zidzakhudza zotsatira za makwerero otsika omwe amawonetsa makoyilowa kapena deta. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, masitepe otsitsimutsidwa kapena deta yomveka bwino ya ma coil muzithunzi za makwerero otsika idzangowonjezera zithunzi za makwerero apamwamba mumzere wotsatira.
Zotulutsa Zotsitsimula Gawo
Kujambula kwa pulogalamu ya ogwiritsa ntchito kukatha, PLC imalowa mugawo lotsitsimula. Mugawoli, CPU imasintha mabwalo onse otulutsa latch molingana ndi ma status ndi data m'dera la zithunzi za I / O ndikuyendetsa zotumphukira zofananira kudzera pamabwalo otulutsa. Izi zikuwonetsa zotsatira zenizeni za PLC.
Chochitika cha Lag / Output Lag Phenomenon
Kuchokera pakugwira ntchito kwa PLC, mfundo zotsatirazi zitha kuganiziridwa:
Mapologalamu amachitidwa mosanthula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchedwa kwaubale pakati pa zolowetsa ndi zotuluka. Kutalikirapo kwa kachitidwe ka sikani, m'pamenenso kuchedwa kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza pa nthawi yomwe imakhala ndi magawo atatu ogwirira ntchito - kuyesa zolowetsa, kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya ogwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutsitsimula zotulutsa - kuzunguliraku kumaphatikizaponso nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kasamalidwe ka makina. Nthawi yotengedwa kuti pulogalamuyo ikwaniritsidwe ikugwirizana ndi kutalika kwa pulogalamuyo komanso zovuta za machitidwe a malangizo, pamene zinthu zina zimakhalabe zosasintha. Kuzungulira kwa scanner nthawi zambiri kumakhala motsatira ma milliseconds kapena ma microseconds.
Pakupanga sikani ya nth, zomwe zimadalira ndi mtengo wotsatiridwa ndi X womwe umapezeka panthawi yachitsanzo cha kuzungulirako. Zotulutsa Y(n) zimatengera zonse zomwe zidatuluka Y(n-1) kuchokera pa sikani yapitayi komanso mtengo waposachedwa wa Yn. Chizindikiro chotumizidwa kumalo otulutsa chimayimira zotsatira zomaliza za Yn pambuyo powerengera zonse zitachitika panthawiyi.
Kuchedwa kwa mayankho olowetsa/zotulutsa sikungokhudzana ndi njira yojambulira komanso makonzedwe apulogalamu.