Electrical Automation Control: Migwirizano Yoyang'anira Mafakitale, Migwirizano ya Zida ndi Miyezo
Electrical Automation Control: Migwirizano Yoyang'anira Mafakitale, Zida ndi Miyezo
Industrial Control
Yatsekedwa - Loop Control
Lingaliro lofunikira mu chiphunzitso chowongolera, kutsekedwa - kuwongolera kwa loop kumasiyana ndi kutsegulira - kuwongolera kwa loop podyetsa zotuluka zoyendetsedwa mpaka kumapeto kuti ziwongolere. Kachitidwe koyankha kameneka kamalola kuti zotulukazo zibwererenso ku zomwe zalowetsedwa kudzera mu "macheni am'mbali," zomwe zimathandiza kuti zolowazo zizitha kuyang'anira zomwe zatuluka. Cholinga chachikulu cha kutsekedwa - kuwongolera kwa loop ndikukwaniritsa malingaliro - kutsata malamulo.
I/O Mfundo
Mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza m'machitidwe olamulira, mfundo za I/O zimatanthawuza zolowetsa / zotuluka. Zolowetsa ndi magawo oyezera kuchokera ku zida zomwe zimalowa mu control system, pomwe zotuluka ndizomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera kudongosolo kupita ku ma actuators. Kukula kwa machitidwe olamulira nthawi zambiri kumatanthauzidwa ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mfundo za I / O zomwe zingathe kukhalamo.
Analogi ndi Kusintha Kwachulukidwe
Mu machitidwe owongolera, magawo amatha kukhala analogi kapena kusintha kuchuluka. Kuchuluka kwa analogi kumasinthasintha mosalekeza mumitundu inayake, monga kutentha kapena kuthamanga. Kusintha kuchuluka, komabe, kumakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zokha, monga kuyatsa / kuzimitsa kwa switch kapena relay.
Control Loop
Pakuwongolera kwa analogi, wowongolera amasintha zotuluka potengera zomwe zalowetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo enaake ndi ma aligorivimu, kupanga loop yowongolera. Malupu owongolera amatha kutseguka - kapena kutsekedwa - kuzungulira. Kutsekedwa - kuwongolera kwa loop, kapena kuwongolera mayankho, ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri, pomwe zotulutsa zimabwezeredwa ku zomwe zalowetsedwa kuti zifananize ndi mtengo wokhazikitsidwa.
Awiri - Position Control
Njira yosavuta yowongolera mayankho, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti switch control. Zimayambitsa chizindikiro chosinthira pamene mtengo woyezera ufika pamtunda kapena wocheperapo. Ngakhale mtengo woyezedwa ukhoza kukhala wa analogi, zowongolera ndi digito. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale ma thermoregulators ndi masiwichi amtundu.
Proportional Control
Kutulutsa kwa wolamulira kumayenderana ndi kupatuka pakati pa mtengo woyezedwa ndi mtengo wokhazikitsidwa kapena malo ofotokozera. Proportional control imapereka malamulo osavuta kuposa awiri - kuwongolera malo ndikuchotsa zovuta za oscillation zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwongolera kwapawiri.
Integral Control
Muulamuliro wophatikizika, kusintha kwa kusintha komwe kumayendetsedwa kumayenderana ndi nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti zotulutsa zowongolera zizigwira ntchito. Kutulutsa kwa actuator pang'onopang'ono kumafika pamtengo wokhazikitsidwa. Njira yowongolerayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina owongolera kutentha.
Derivative Control
Kuwongolera kotengera nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi kuwongolera koyenera komanso koyenera. Amalola dongosolo lowongolera kuti liyankhe zopotoka mwachangu, kupewa mayankho aulesi adongosolo. Pamodzi ndi kuwongolera koyenera komanso kophatikizana, kumathandizira kusinthika kolamuliridwa kufika pamalo okhazikika mwachangu popanda oscillation.
PID Control
Malingana ndi zofunikira zenizeni za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka P (Proportional), PI (Proportional - Integral), PD (Proportional - Derivative), kapena PID (Proportional - Integral - Derivative). Kuwongolera kwa PID ndiye njira yodziwika kwambiri yowongolera machitidwe.
Kuchedwa Kuwongolera
* Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha ma control applications, kuchedwetsa kumabweretsa kuchedwa pakati pa kusintha kwa kusintha kwanyengo ndi zomwe wowongolera achita. Mwachitsanzo, m'mizere yopangira, masiwichi oyandikira nthawi zambiri amafuna kuchedwa kwa masekondi angapo chogudubuza chotsatira chisanayambe kugwira ntchito pambuyo poti chogwirira ntchito chayikidwa.
Interlock Control
* Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi posintha mawonekedwe, kuwongolera kwa interlock kumakhazikitsa ubale pakati pa masiwichi. Mwachitsanzo, sinthani C imatha kutsegulidwa pomwe ma switch A ndi B onse atsegulidwa, kapena switch C iyenera kutsegulidwa pomwe switch A itsegulidwa. Kuwongolera kwa interlock kumakhala kofala pachitetezo - ntchito zovuta, monga valavu yotulutsa mpweya mu riyakitala, yomwe iyenera kutsegulidwa nthawi yomweyo kukakamiza kukafika pamlingo wina.
Kuwongolera Magetsi
* Imatanthawuza machitidwe owongolera momwe zotulutsa zimatheka kudzera mu kuchuluka kwa magetsi kapena ma siginecha apamagetsi, kulunjika pazinthu zoyendetsedwa ndi magetsi monga ma relay, ma valve solenoid, ndi ma driver a servo. Makina ambiri owongolera okha amakhala ndi zinthu zowongolera magetsi.
Kuwongolera kwa Hydraulic
* Makina owongolera ma Hydraulic amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina ndi zida, makamaka pakuwongolera kuthamanga kosalekeza. Kuwongolera kwa hydraulic nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizidwa ndi magetsi a servo control kuti apange ma electro-hydraulic actuators abwino kwambiri komanso olondola.
Pneumatic Control
* Makina owongolera ma pneumatic amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana. Amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya woponderezedwa ngati gwero lamphamvu potumiza ma siginecha kapena kuyambitsa. Mpweya woponderezedwa umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale chifukwa cha kupezeka kwake, ukhondo, chitetezo, ndi magwiridwe antchito osavuta owongolera, kupanga zida zama pneumatic zofala m'mizere yambiri yopanga.
Kumasulira
* Kutanthauzira ndi njira yomwe chida cha makina CNC chimasankha njira yachida pogwiritsa ntchito njira inayake. Zimaphatikizapo kuwerengera mfundo zapakatikati pakati pa mfundo zodziwika bwino pamapindikira, omwe amadziwikanso kuti "data point densification." Dongosolo la CNC limapanga njira yofunikira powonjezera deta pakati pa poyambira ndi pomaliza gawo la pulogalamu.
Malo, Mayendedwe, ndi Malupu Amakono
* Lingaliro la malupu limaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mayankho kuti apititse patsogolo kukhazikika ndi magwiridwe antchito a machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito.
* Kuwongolera kwa loop kwapano kumafuna kuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito ma siginecha apano kuti abwezere zotayika, kutsika kwamagetsi, ndi phokoso panthawi yamagetsi.
* Ubale pakati pa liwiro ndi udindo umatengera chilinganizo: mtunda = liwiro × nthawi. Kusinthasintha kosalekeza kwa liwiro pakapita nthawi kumabweretsa kuphatikizika kwa liwiro pa nthawiyo, yomwe imagwirizana ndi mtunda woyenda (malo).
* Ubale pakati pa liwiro ndi pano umatanthauzidwa ndi: liwiro = mathamangitsidwe × nthawi. Kuthamanga kumadalira pakali pano, ndipo kugwirizana kwa mathamangitsidwe pakapita nthawi kumabweretsa liwiro la nthawi yomweyo.
* Mumayendedwe owongolera ma torque, injini ya servo imazungulira pa torque yokhazikika posunga kutulutsa kosalekeza kuchokera pachiuno chapano. Ngati ma torque akunja akufanana kapena kupitilira ma torque agalimoto, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imakhala yosasunthika, ndipo mota imatsata kayendedwe ka katundu. Mosiyana ndi izi, ngati torque yakunja yonyamula katunduyo ndi yocheperako kuposa torque yamagetsi, injiniyo imapitilira kuthamanga mpaka itafika pa liwiro lovomerezeka la mota kapena kuyendetsa, pomwe alamu imayambika ndipo mota imayima.
* Mumayendedwe a liwiro, liwiro la mota limayikidwa, ndipo kuyankha kwa liwiro kuchokera ku encoder ya mota kumapanga njira yotsekeka - loop control system. Cholinga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti liwiro lenileni la mota ya servo likugwirizana ndi liwiro lokhazikitsidwa.
* Kutulutsa kowongolera kwa liwiro la liwiro kumakhala ngati torque - mode current - loop torque setpoint. Mumodeti yowongolera malo, malo okhazikitsidwa ndi kompyuta yolandirira ndi chizindikiritso cha malo kuchokera ku encoder ya mota kapena mayankho amiyezo yachindunji kuchokera ku chipangizocho amafaniziridwa kuti apange lupu yamalo. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti servo motor imasunthira pamalo okhazikitsidwa. Kutulutsa kwa loop kwamalo kumadyetsedwa mu liwiro la liwiro ngati liwiro - loop setpoint. Chifukwa chake, torque - control mode imagwiritsa ntchito njira yapano - yowongolera ngati gawo lofunikira kwambiri. Kuthamanga - kuwongolera kuzungulira kumamangidwira pakalipano - kuwongolera kuzungulira, ndipo malo - kuzungulira kuzungulira kumamangidwa pa liwiro - komanso zowongolera zapano.
Zida ndi Miyezo Terms
Mtundu
Nthawi yopitilira ya kuchuluka komwe kumatanthauzidwa ndi malire apamwamba ndi apansi.
Kuyeza Range
Kusiyanasiyana kwa milingo yomwe chida chingathe kukwaniritsa zolondola zomwe zatchulidwa.
Kuyeza malire Ocheperako: Mtengo wocheperako womwe chida chingathe kukwaniritsa kulondola komwe kwafotokozedwa.
Kuyeza Range Upper Limit: Mtengo woyezera kwambiri womwe chida chingathe kukwaniritsa zolondola zomwe zafotokozedwa.
Span
Kusiyana kwa algebra pakati pa malire apamwamba ndi apansi amtundu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kusiyanasiyana kuli kuchokera -20 ° C mpaka 100 ° C, kutalika kwake ndi 120 ° C.
Maonekedwe a Magwiridwe
Ma parameter omwe amatanthawuza kugwira ntchito ndi kuthekera kwa chida ndi kuchuluka kwake.
Mawonekedwe a Kachitidwe Kachitidwe: Kachitidwe kachitidwe kamene kamakwaniritsidwa potengera momwe amagwirira ntchito.
Linear Scale
Sikelo yomwe mipata pakati pa masikelo ndi milingo yofananira imakhala ndi ubale wokhazikika.
Nonlinear Scale
Sikelo yomwe mipata pakati pa masikelo ndi milingo yofananira imakhala ndi ubale wosakhazikika.
Kuponderezedwa - Zero Scale
Sikelo yomwe sikeloyo ilibe mtengo wolingana ndi ziro wa kuchuluka kwake.
Sikelo Yowonjezera
Sikelo yomwe gawo losagwirizana la sikeloyo limatengedwa ndi gawo lokulitsa la sikelo.
Sikelo
Seti ya masikelo osankhidwa ndi manambala ogwirizana omwe amapanga gawo la chipangizo cholozera.
Sikelo Range
* Mtundu womwe umatanthauzidwa ndi chiyambi ndi mapeto a sikelo.
Scale Mark
* Chizindikiro pa chipangizo chofananira ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo zoyezera zenizeni.
Zero Scale Mark
* Sikelo kapena mzere pa sikelo yogwirizana ndi ziro mtengo wa kuchuluka kwake.
Gawo la Scale
* Gawo la sikelo pakati pa sikelo ziwiri zoyandikana.
Scale Division Value
* Kusiyana pakati pa miyeso yoyezedwa yolingana ndi ma sikelo awiri oyandikana.
Sikelo Division Spacing
* Mtunda wapakati pa mizere yapakati pa sikelo iŵiri iliyonse yoyandikana ndi utali wa sikeloyo.
Kutalika kwa Sikelo
* Utali wa gawo la mzere, kaya weniweni kapena wongoyerekeza, umadutsa pakati pa ma sikelo amfupi kwambiri pakati pa masikelo oyambira ndi omaliza.
Mtengo Woyambira wa Scale
* Mtengo woyezedwa wolingana ndi chizindikiro choyambira.
Scale End Value
* Mtengo woyezedwa wolingana ndi chizindikiro chomaliza.
Kuwerengera Manambala
* Chiwerengero cha manambala pa sikelo yolingana ndi milingo yoyezedwa yofotokozedwa ndi masikelo kapena kuwonetsa dongosolo la masikelo.
Ziro pa Chida Choyezera
* Chizindikiro chachindunji cha chida choyezera pamene mphamvu zonse zothandizira zomwe zimafunikira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mtengo wake ndi ziro.
* Pamene chida choyezera chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zothandizira, mawuwa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "ziro yamagetsi."
* Pamene chida sichikugwira ntchito chifukwa chosowa mphamvu zowonjezera, mawu akuti "mechanical zero" amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Chida Chokhazikika
* Coefficient yomwe chizindikiro chachindunji cha chida choyezera chiyenera kuchulukitsidwa kuti mupeze mtengo woyezera.
Khalidwe Curve
* Mpiringidzo wosonyeza kugwirizana kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa mtengo wokhazikika wa chipangizocho ndi kuchuluka kumodzi kolowetsa, ndi zolowetsa zina zonse zomwe zimasungidwa pamtengo wokhazikika.
Khalidwe Lodziwika
* Mpendero wosonyeza mgwirizano wogwira ntchito pakati pa mtengo wokhazikika wa chipangizocho ndi kuchuluka kumodzi komwe kumalowetsedwa pansi pamikhalidwe yodziwika.
Kusintha
* Ntchito zomwe zimachitidwa pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti chidacho chili m'malo ogwirira ntchito ndikuchotsa zopatuka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera.
* ** Kusintha kwa Ogwiritsa **: Zosintha zomwe zimaloledwa kuchitidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito.
Kuwongolera
* Kachitidwe kokhazikitsa, pansi pamikhalidwe yodziwika, ubale pakati pa miyeso yomwe ikuwonetsedwa ndi chida choyezera kapena dongosolo ndi zofananira zodziwika za kuchuluka kwake.
Calibration Curve
* Mzere wokhotakhota womwe ukuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kuchuluka komwe kuyezedwa ndi mtengo weniweni wa chipangizocho pansi pamikhalidwe yodziwika.
Calibration Cycle
* Kuphatikizika kwa mapindikidwe okwera m'mwamba ndi kokhota kolowera pansi pakati pa malire a chida.
Calibration Table
* Chiwonetsero cha tabular cha curve calibration.
Kutsata
* Katundu wa zotsatira zoyezera zomwe zingagwirizane ndi miyezo yoyenera (kawirikawiri miyezo yapadziko lonse kapena yadziko) kupyolera mu mafananidwe osasweka.
Kumverera
* The quotient ya kusintha kwa kutulutsa kwa chida ndi kusintha kofananira mu kuchuluka kwa zolowetsa.
Kulondola
* Mlingo wa kusasinthasintha pakati pa chizindikiritso cha chida ndi mtengo weniweni wa kuchuluka kwake.
Kalasi Yolondola
* Gulu la zida malinga ndi kulondola kwake.
Malire a Zolakwa
* Kulakwitsa kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwa chida monga momwe zafotokozedwera ndi miyezo kapena luso laukadaulo.
Cholakwika Chachikulu
* Kulakwitsa kwa chida malinga ndi zomwe zili.
Kugwirizana
* Mlingo wa kusasinthasintha pakati pa jiko lokhazikika ndi jiko lotchulidwira (monga mzere wowongoka, logarithmic curve, parabolic curve, etc.).