Zagayowar Ilimin PLC: Muhimman Karatu ga Injiniyoyi na Lantarki!
Zagayowar Ilimin PLC: Muhimman Karatu ga Injiniyoyi na Lantarki!
I. Ma'anar da Rarraba PLCs
PLC, ko Programmable Logic Controller, sabon ƙarni ne na na'urorin sarrafa masana'antu na duniya. Ya dogara ne akan microprocessors kuma yana haɗa fasahar kwamfuta, fasahar sarrafa atomatik, da fasahar sadarwa. An ƙera shi don mahallin masana'antu, PLCs suna fasalta shirye-shirye masu sauƙin fahimta ta amfani da "harshen halitta" wanda ya keɓe ga tsarin sarrafawa da masu amfani. An kwatanta su da sauƙi, sauƙi na aiki, da babban abin dogaro.
An samo asali daga tsarin sarrafawa na relay, PLCs sun kasance a tsakiya a kusa da microprocessors kuma suna aiki azaman na'urorin sarrafawa ta atomatik. Bari mu shiga cikin takamaiman bayani:
1. Ma'anarsa
PLC tsarin lantarki ne na dijital da aka tsara don aikace-aikacen masana'antu. Yana amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar shirye-shirye don adana umarni don ayyuka kamar ƙididdige ma'ana, sarrafa tsari, lokaci, ƙidayawa, da lissafi. Ta hanyar yin hulɗa tare da dijital da abubuwan analog da abubuwan fitarwa, PLCs suna sarrafa kayan aikin injiniya daban-daban da hanyoyin samarwa. Dukansu PLCs da na'urorinsu na gefe an tsara su don haɗawa tare da tsarin sarrafa masana'antu kuma don sauƙaƙe haɓaka aiki.
2. Rarrabewa
Samfuran PLC sun zo cikin nau'i-nau'i iri-iri tare da ƙayyadaddun bayanai daban-daban da damar aiki. An rarraba su gabaɗaya bisa tsarin tsari, bambance-bambancen aiki, da adadin maki I/O.
2.1 Rarraba ta Tsarin Tsarin
Ana iya rarraba PLCs zuwa nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa da na zamani bisa tsarin tsarin su.
(1) Integral PLC
Integral PLCs kayan haɗin gida kamar samar da wutar lantarki, CPU, da musaya na I/O a cikin majalisar guda ɗaya. An san su don ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin su, ƙananan girma, da araha. Ƙananan ƙananan PLCs yawanci suna ɗaukar wannan tsarin haɗin gwiwa. PLC mai haɗaka ta ƙunshi naúrar asali (wanda kuma aka sani da babban naúrar) tare da maki I/O daban-daban da naúrar faɗaɗa. Nau'in asali yana ƙunshe da musaya na CPU, I/O, tashar faɗaɗa don haɗawa da raka'o'in faɗaɗa I/O, da musaya don haɗawa da mai tsara shirye-shirye ko marubucin EPROM. Naúrar faɗaɗa, a gefe guda, tana ɗauke da I/O kawai da abubuwan samar da wutar lantarki, ba tare da CPU ba. Naúrar asali da naúrar faɗaɗa yawanci ana haɗa su ta hanyar kebul mai lebur. Integral PLCs kuma za a iya sanye su da na'urorin ayyuka na musamman, kamar na'urorin analog da na'urorin sarrafa matsayi, don faɗaɗa iyawarsu.
(2) Modular PLC
Modular PLCs suna fasalta keɓantattun kayayyaki don kowane bangare, kamar su na'urorin CPU, I/O modules, na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki (wani lokaci hadedde cikin na'urar CPU), da nau'ikan ayyuka daban-daban. Ana ɗora waɗannan samfuran akan tsarin aiki ko jirgin baya. Amfanin PLCs na zamani ya ta'allaka ne a cikin daidaitawar su, yana ba da damar zaɓin ma'aunin tsarin daban-daban kamar yadda ake buƙata. Hakanan suna da sauƙin haɗuwa, faɗaɗa, da kulawa. Matsakaici da manya-manyan PLC gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar tsari mai ƙima.
Additionally, some PLCs combine the characteristics of both integral and modular types, forming what is known as a stacked PLC. A cikin PLCs da aka toshe, abubuwan da aka haɗa kamar su CPU, samar da wutar lantarki, da musaya na I/O wasu abubuwa ne masu zaman kansu da aka haɗa ta igiyoyi kuma ana iya lissafta Layer ta Layer. Wannan ƙirar ba wai kawai tana ba da ƙayyadaddun tsarin daidaitawa ba amma har ma yana ba da damar ƙaramin girman.
2.2 Rarraba ta Aiki
Dangane da iyawar aikin su, PLCs za a iya raba su zuwa nau'i uku: ƙananan-ƙarshe, tsakiyar kewayon, da babba.
(1) Low-end PLC
Ƙarshen Ƙarshen PLCs suna da ayyuka na asali kamar ayyuka na ma'ana, lokaci, ƙidayawa, canzawa, gano kai, da saka idanu. Hakanan suna iya haɗawa da iyakataccen adadin shigarwa/fitarwa na analog, ayyukan ƙididdiga, canja wurin bayanai da kwatance, da ayyukan sadarwa. Ana amfani da waɗannan PLC da farko don tsarin sarrafa injin guda ɗaya wanda ya haɗa da kulawar ma'ana, sarrafawa na tsari, ko ƙaramin adadin kulawar analog.
(2) Tsakanin PLC
Bugu da ƙari ga ayyuka na ƙananan ƙananan PLCs, PLCs na tsakiya suna ba da karfi mai karfi a cikin shigarwar analog / fitarwa, ayyukan lissafi, canja wurin bayanai da kwatanta, tsarin tsarin lamba, I / O mai nisa, subroutines, da sadarwar sadarwa. Wasu kuma na iya fasalta sarrafa katsewa da ayyukan sarrafa PID, yana sa su dace da tsarin sarrafawa masu rikitarwa.
(3) High-end PLC
PLCs masu girma, ban da iyawar PLCs na tsakiya, sun haɗa da ayyuka na ci gaba kamar ayyukan ƙididdiga da aka sanya hannu, ƙididdigar matrix, ayyukan dabaru, ƙididdigar tushen murabba'i, da sauran ayyukan ayyuka na musamman. Sun kuma ƙunshi ƙirƙira tebur da damar canja wurin tebur. Manyan PLCs suna alfahari da ingantattun hanyoyin sadarwa da ayyukan sadarwar, suna ba da damar sarrafa tsari mai girma ko samar da tsarin sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa da aka rarraba, ta yadda ake samun sarrafa masana'anta.
2.3 Rarraba ta Makin I/O
Dangane da adadin maki I/O, ana iya rarraba PLC zuwa ƙanana, matsakaita, da manyan rukunai.
(1) Small PLC
Ƙananan PLCs suna da ƙasa da maki 256 I/O, suna da CPU guda ɗaya, kuma suna amfani da na'urori masu sarrafawa 8-bit ko 16-bit. Ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar mai amfani da su yawanci yana ƙasa da 4KB.
(2) Matsakaici PLC
Matsakaici PLCs suna da tsakanin maki 256 da 2048 I/O, suna ɗaukar CPUs dual, kuma suna da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar mai amfani daga 2KB zuwa 8KB.
(3) Babban PLC
Manyan PLCs suna alfahari akan maki 2048 I/O, suna amfani da CPUs da yawa, kuma suna sanye da na'urori masu sarrafawa 16-bit ko 32-bit. Ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar mai amfani da su ya bambanta daga 8KB zuwa 16KB.
A duk duniya, ana iya rarraba samfuran PLC zuwa manyan nau'ikan yanki guda uku: Amurkawa, Turai, da Jafananci. An haɓaka fasahohin Amurka da Turai PLC da kansu, wanda ya haifar da bambance-bambance tsakanin samfuran su. Fasahar PLC ta Japan, wacce aka gabatar daga Amurka, ta gaji wasu halaye daga PLC na Amurka amma tana mai da hankali kan PLCs masu ƙanƙanta. Yayin da PLCs na Amurka da na Turai sun shahara don matsakaicin matsakaici da babban girman hadayu, PLC na Japan sun shahara ga ƙananan takwarorinsu.
II. Ayyuka da Filin Aikace-aikacen PLCs
PLCs sun haɗu da fa'idodin sarrafa relay-contactor da sassaucin kwamfutoci. Wannan ƙira ta musamman 赋予了PLC tana da fasali da yawa marasa misaltuwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran masu sarrafawa.
1. Ayyukan PLCs
A matsayin na'urar sarrafa atomatik na masana'antu na duniya da ke kewaye da microprocessors da haɗa fasahar kwamfuta, fasahar sarrafa atomatik, da fasahar sadarwa, PLCs suna ba da fa'idodi da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da babban abin dogaro, ƙananan girman, aiki mai ƙarfi, ƙirar shirin mai sauƙi da sassauƙa, haɓakawa, da kulawa mai sauƙi. Sakamakon haka, PLCs suna samun aikace-aikace masu yawa a fannoni kamar ƙarfe, makamashi, sinadarai, sufuri, da samar da wutar lantarki, waɗanda ke fitowa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙai uku na sarrafa masana'antu na zamani (tare da mutummutumi da CAD/CAM). Dangane da halayen PLCs, ana iya taƙaita siffofin aikin su kamar haka:
(1) Canja Hannun Hannu
PLCs suna da ƙarfin ƙididdige ma'ana mai ƙarfi, yana ba su damar cimma iko iri-iri masu sauƙi da rikitarwa. Wannan shine mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi girman yanki na PLCs, wanda ke maye gurbin kulawar relay-contactor na gargajiya.
(2) Analog Control
PLCs suna sanye da kayan aikin A/D da D/A. Tsarin A/D yana jujjuya adadin analog daga filin-kamar zazzabi, matsa lamba, kwarara, da sauri-zuwa adadi na dijital. Wadannan adadi na dijital ana sarrafa su ta hanyar microprocessor a cikin PLC (kamar yadda microprocessors ke iya sarrafa adadin dijital kawai) kuma daga baya ana amfani dashi don sarrafawa. A madadin, tsarin D/A yana jujjuya adadin dijital baya zuwa adadin analog don sarrafa abu mai sarrafawa, ta haka yana ba da damar PLCs don yin iko akan adadin analog.
(3) Sarrafa tsari
Matsakaici na zamani da manya-manyan PLCs yawanci suna da nau'ikan sarrafa PID, suna ba da damar sarrafa tsarin madauki. Lokacin da mai canzawa ya ɓace yayin aiwatar da sarrafawa, PLC tana ƙididdige fitowar daidai ta amfani da PID algorithm, ta haka ne ke daidaita tsarin samarwa da kiyaye mai canzawa a wurin saiti. A halin yanzu, ƙananan ƙananan PLCs kuma sun haɗa aikin sarrafa PID.
(4) Gudanar da lokaci da ƙidaya
PLCs suna alfahari da ƙaƙƙarfan lokaci da iya ƙirgawa, masu iya samar da daruruwa, ɗaruruwa, ko ma dubban masu ƙidayar lokaci da ƙididdiga. Mai amfani zai iya saita tsawon lokaci da ƙirga ƙididdiga ta hanyar sabani lokacin rubuta shirin mai amfani, ko ta masu aiki a kan shafin ta hanyar mai shirye-shirye. Wannan yana ba da damar sarrafa lokaci da kirgawa. Idan masu amfani suna buƙatar ƙirga sigina masu tsayi, za su iya zaɓar ƙirar ƙidaya mai sauri.
(5) Sarrafa Tsari
A cikin sarrafa masana'antu, ana iya samun kulawar jeri ta hanyar umarnin mataki na PLC ko shirye-shiryen rijistar motsi.
(6) sarrafa bayanai
PLCs na zamani ba wai kawai suna iya yin ayyukan lissafi, canja wurin bayanai, rarrabuwa, da duba tebur ba amma kuma suna iya gudanar da kwatancen bayanai, sauya bayanai, sadarwar bayanai, nunin bayanai, da bugu. Suna da ƙarfin sarrafa bayanai masu ƙarfi.
(7) Sadarwa da Sadarwa
Yawancin PLC na zamani sun haɗa da sadarwa da fasahar sadarwa, waɗanda ke nuna mu'amalar RS-232 ko RS-485 don sarrafa I/O mai nisa. Ana iya haɗa PLC da yawa kuma ana sadarwa tare da juna. Rukunin sarrafa sigina na na'urorin waje na iya musayar shirye-shirye da bayanai tare da ɗaya ko fiye da masu sarrafa shirye-shirye. Canja wurin shirin, canja wurin fayil ɗin bayanai, saka idanu, da bincike ana iya samun su ta hanyar mu'amalar sadarwa ko na'urorin sadarwa, waɗanda ke amfani da daidaitattun mu'amalar kayan masarufi ko ka'idojin sadarwa na mallakar mallaka don sauƙaƙe shirin da canja wurin bayanai.
2. Filin Aikace-aikacen PLCs
A halin yanzu, PLCs suna yadu aiki a cikin gida da kuma na duniya a fadin masana'antu daban-daban, ciki har da baƙin ƙarfe da karfe, man fetur, sunadarai, wutar lantarki, kayan gini, masana'antun inji, motoci, tufafin haske, sufuri, kare muhalli, da nishaɗin al'adu. Ana iya rarraba aikace-aikacen su gabaɗaya kamar haka:
(1) Canja Hannun Hannu
Wannan shine mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi girman yanki na PLCs, yana maye gurbin da'irori na al'ada don cimma iko mai ma'ana da tsari. Ana iya amfani da PLCs don sarrafa injin guda ɗaya da sarrafa ƙungiyar injina da yawa da layin samarwa ta atomatik, irin su injinan gyare-gyaren allura, injunan bugu, injunan ƙwanƙwasa, kayan aikin injin haɗin gwiwa, injin niƙa, layukan samarwa marufi, da layin taro na lantarki.
(2) Analog Control
A cikin tsarin samar da masana'antu, yawancin ci gaba da bambance-bambancen yawa-kamar zafin jiki, matsa lamba, kwarara, matakin ruwa, da sauri-yawan analog ne. Don ba da damar PLCs don sarrafa adadin analog, A/D da D/A masu jujjuyawa tsakanin analog da adadi na dijital dole ne a gane. Masana'antun PLC suna samar da samfuran A/D da D/A masu rakiyar don sauƙaƙe aikace-aikacen sarrafa analog don PLCs.
(3) Kula da Motsi
PLCana iya amfani da shi don sarrafa motsin rotary ko madaidaiciya. Dangane da tsarin tsarin sarrafawa, aikace-aikacen farko sun haɗa kai tsaye na'urorin firikwensin matsayi da masu kunnawa don canza ƙirar I/O. A zamanin yau, ana amfani da na'urorin sarrafa motsi na musamman gabaɗaya. Waɗannan na'urori na iya fitar da axis guda ɗaya ko kula da matsayi na axis don masu motsi na stepper ko servo Motors. Kusan duk manyan samfuran masana'antun PLC a duk duniya suna da ikon sarrafa motsi, waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai a cikin injuna daban-daban, kayan aikin injin, mutummutumi, lif, da sauran aikace-aikace.
(4) Sarrafa tsari
Sarrafa tsari yana nufin kulawar rufaffiyar madauki na adadin analog kamar zazzabi, matsa lamba, da kwarara. Yana da aikace-aikace masu yawa a fannoni kamar ƙarfe, injiniyan sinadarai, maganin zafi, da sarrafa tukunyar jirgi. A matsayin kwamfutoci masu sarrafa masana'antu, ana iya tsara PLCs tare da nau'ikan algorithms sarrafawa don cika sarrafa madauki. Ikon PID hanya ce ta ƙa'ida da aka saba amfani da ita a cikin rufaffiyar tsarin kula da madauki. Dukansu matsakaita da manya-manyan PLC suna sanye da kayan aikin PID, kuma a halin yanzu, ƙananan ƙananan PLCs kuma suna da wannan tsarin aiki. Gudanar da PID gabaɗaya ya haɗa da gudanar da keɓaɓɓen yanki na PID.
(5) sarrafa bayanai
PLCs na zamani suna sanye take da ayyukan lissafi (ciki har da ƙididdige matrix, ƙididdige ayyuka, ayyuka masu ma'ana), canja wurin bayanai, sauya bayanai, rarrabawa, duba tebur, da ayyukan sarrafa bit. Suna iya yin sayan bayanai, bincike, da sarrafawa. Ana iya kwatanta waɗannan bayanan tare da ƙimar tunani da aka adana a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don aiwatar da takamaiman ayyuka na sarrafawa ko aikawa zuwa wasu na'urori masu hankali ta hanyar ayyukan sadarwa. Hakanan za'a iya buga su da buga su. Ana amfani da sarrafa bayanai galibi a cikin manyan tsarin sarrafawa, kamar tsarin masana'antu masu sassauƙa marasa ƙarfi, da kuma cikin tsarin sarrafa tsari, kamar waɗanda ke yin takarda, ƙarfe, da masana'antar abinci.
(6) Sadarwa da Sadarwa
Sadarwar PLC ta ƙunshi sadarwa tsakanin PLCs da tsakanin PLCs da sauran na'urori masu hankali. Tare da haɓaka sarrafa kwamfuta, cibiyoyin sadarwar masana'anta sun ci gaba cikin sauri. Duk masana'antun PLC suna ba da fifiko sosai kan damar sadarwa na PLC kuma sun gabatar da tsarin hanyar sadarwa daban-daban. PLCs da aka samar kwanan nan an sanye su da hanyoyin sadarwa, suna sa sadarwa ta dace sosai.
III. Asalin Tsarin da Ƙa'idar Aiki na PLCs
A matsayin kwamfuta mai sarrafa masana'antu, PLCs suna raba kamanceceniya a cikin tsari tare da kwamfutoci na yau da kullun. Koyaya, bambance-bambance sun taso saboda bambancin yanayin amfani da makasudi.
1. Abubuwan Hardware na PLCs
Ana nuna ainihin tsarin tsarin mai masaukin PLC a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa: [Hoto]
A cikin zane, mai masaukin PLC ya ƙunshi CPU, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (EPROM, RAM), raka'o'in shigarwa/fitarwa, mu'amalar I/O na gefe, hanyoyin sadarwa, da wutar lantarki. Don PLCs masu haɗaka, duk waɗannan abubuwan haɗin suna cikin ma'aikatun hukuma ɗaya. A cikin PLCs na zamani, kowane sashi yana kunshe da kansa azaman module, kuma ana haɗa na'urorin ta hanyar rak da igiyoyi. Duk sassan da ke cikin rundunar suna haɗe-haɗe ta hanyar bas ɗin wutar lantarki, bas ɗin sarrafawa, bas ɗin adireshi, da bas ɗin bayanai. Dangane da buƙatun ainihin abin sarrafawa, ana saita na'urori daban-daban na waje don ƙirƙirar tsarin sarrafa PLC daban-daban.
Na'urorin waje gama-gari sun haɗa da masu shirye-shirye, firinta, da marubutan EPROM. Hakanan za'a iya samar da PLCs tare da na'urorin sadarwa don sadarwa tare da injuna mafi girma da sauran PLCs, ta yadda za a samar da tsarin sarrafawa da aka rarraba don PLCs.
Da ke ƙasa akwai gabatarwa ga kowane ɓangaren PLC da rawarsa, don taimakawa masu amfani su fahimci ka'idodin sarrafawa da tsarin aiki na PLCs.
(1) CPU
CPU ita ce cibiyar kula da PLC. A ƙarƙashin ikon CPU, PLC tana daidaitawa kuma tana aiki cikin tsari don samun iko akan kayan aikin kan layi daban-daban. Wanda ya ƙunshi microprocessor da mai sarrafawa, CPU na iya yin ayyukan ma'ana da lissafi da daidaita ayyukan ɓangarori daban-daban na cikin tsarin sarrafawa. Mai sarrafawa yana sarrafa tsarin aiki na duk sassan microprocessor. Babban aikinsa shine karanta umarni daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aiwatar da su.
(2) Ƙwaƙwalwa
PLCs an sanye su da nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya iri biyu: ƙwaƙwalwar tsarin da ƙwaƙwalwar mai amfani. Ƙwaƙwalwar tsarin tana adana shirye-shiryen sarrafa tsarin, waɗanda masu amfani ba za su iya samun dama ko gyara su ba. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mai amfani tana adana shirye-shiryen aikace-aikace da jihohin bayanan aiki. Bangaren ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mai amfani da ke adana jihohin bayanan aiki kuma ana san shi da wurin ajiyar bayanai. Ya haɗa da wuraren bayanan shigarwa/fitarwa, saiti da wuraren bayanan ƙimar halin yanzu don masu ƙididdigewa/ ƙididdiga, da wuraren ɓoye don adana sakamako na matsakaici.
Ƙwaƙwalwar PLC da farko ta ƙunshi nau'ikan masu zuwa:
Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwallon Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Karanta-kawai (ROM)
Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa (PROM)
Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa (EPROM)
Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaddamar da za a Iya ) (EEPROM)
Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Hanya (RAM)
(3) Modulolin shigarwa/Fitarwa (I/O).
① Canza Module na Shigarwa
Na'urorin shigarwa masu sauyawa sun haɗa da maɓalli daban-daban, maɓalli, firikwensin, da sauransu. Nau'in shigarwar PLC na iya zama DC, AC, ko duka biyun. Ana iya samar da wutar lantarki don da'irar shigarwar a waje, ko a wasu lokuta, PLC ne ke bayarwa a ciki.
② Canza Module na Fitowa
Tsarin fitarwa yana jujjuya fitowar siginar sarrafa matakin TTL ta CPU lokacin aiwatar da shirin mai amfani zuwa sigina da ake buƙata akan wurin samarwa don fitar da takamaiman kayan aiki, don haka kunna tsarin aiwatarwa.
(4)Mai tsara shirye-shirye
Mai tsara shirye-shirye muhimmin na'urar waje ce don PLCs. Yana ba masu amfani damar shigar da shirye-shirye cikin ƙwaƙwalwar shirin mai amfani na PLC, shirye-shiryen cire kuskure, da saka idanu kan aiwatar da shirin. A tsarin shirye-shirye, ana iya kasasu masu shirye-shirye zuwa nau'i uku:
Mai Shirye-shiryen Hannu
Mai Shirye-shiryen Zane
Babban Mai Shirye-shiryen Kwamfuta
(5) Samar da Wutar Lantarki
Naúrar samar da wutar lantarki tana canza ƙarfin waje (misali, 220V AC) zuwa ƙarfin aiki na ciki. Ana canza wutar lantarki da aka haɗa ta waje zuwa wutar lantarki mai aiki da ake buƙata ta da'irori na cikin gida na PLC (misali, DC 5V, ± 12V, 24V) ta hanyar keɓancewar yanayin wutar lantarki a cikin PLC. Hakanan yana ba da wutar lantarki na 24V DC don na'urorin shigar da waje (misali, makullin kusanci) (don abubuwan shigarwa kawai). Ana samar da wutar lantarki don tuki PLC daga ...
(6) Mu'amalar Wuta
Matsakaicin kewayawa na gefe suna haɗa masu shirye-shirye na hannu ko wasu masu shirye-shiryen hoto, nunin rubutu, kuma suna iya ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta PLC ta hanyar mahaɗar mahalli. PLCs na iya haɗawa da kwamfutoci ta amfani da kebul na PC/PPI ko katin MPI ta hanyar haɗin RS-485, kunna shirye-shirye, saka idanu, hanyar sadarwa, da sauran ayyuka.
2. Abubuwan Software na PLCs
Software na PLC ya ƙunshi shirye-shiryen tsarin da shirye-shiryen masu amfani. Shirye-shiryen tsarin an tsara su da rubuta su ta hanyar masana'antun PLC kuma an adana su a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar tsarin PLC. Masu amfani ba za su iya karantawa, rubuta, ko gyara su kai tsaye ba. Shirye-shiryen tsarin yawanci sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen binciken tsarin, shirye-shiryen sarrafa shigarwa, shirye-shiryen tattarawa, shirye-shiryen canja wurin bayanai, da shirye-shiryen sa ido, da sauransu.
UMasu amfani suna tattara shirye-shiryen ser ta amfani da harsunan shirye-shiryen PLC dangane da buƙatun sarrafawa. A cikin aikace-aikacen PLC, mafi mahimmancin al'amari shine amfani da harsunan shirye-shiryen PLC don rubuta shirye-shiryen mai amfani don cimma manufofin sarrafawa. Tunda PLCs an ƙera su musamman don sarrafa masana'antu, masu amfani da su na farko sune masu fasahar lantarki. Don biyan al'adunsu na al'ada da damar ilmantarwa, PLCs da farko suna amfani da yarukan sadaukarwa waɗanda suka fi sauƙi, mafi fahimta, da ƙwarewa idan aka kwatanta da harsunan kwamfuta.
Tsarin Koyarwar Zane
Fassarar Sauye-sauye da Matsala
Tsarin Shirin Sauƙaƙe
Tsarin Samar da Software Sauƙaƙe
Ingantattun Kayan aikin gyara kuskure
3. Asalin Aiki na PLCs
Ana rarraba tsarin sikanin PLC zuwa matakai uku: samfurin shigar da bayanai, aiwatar da shirin mai amfani, da wartsakewa. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi: [Hoto]
Matsayin Samfuran shigarwa
A lokacin matakin shigar da bayanai, PLC a jere tana karanta duk matakan shigarwa da bayanai ta hanyar dubawa kuma tana adana su a cikin madaidaitan raka'a na yankin hoton I/O. Bayan an gama samfurin shigar da bayanai, tsarin zai ci gaba zuwa aiwatar da shirin mai amfani da matakai masu wartsakewa. A cikin waɗannan matakai guda biyu, ko da matakan shigarwa da bayanai sun canza, matsayi da bayanai a cikin raka'a masu dacewa na yankin hoton I/O ba za a canza ba. Don haka, idan shigarwar siginar bugun jini ne, dole ne faɗin bugun bugun ya fi zagayowar dubawa ɗaya don tabbatar da cewa za a iya karanta shigar a kowane hali.
Matakin Kisa Shirin Mai Amfani
Yayin matakin aiwatar da shirin mai amfani, PLC koyaushe tana duba shirin mai amfani (tsarin tsani) a cikin jerin sama-sama. Lokacin duba kowane zane na tsani, yana fara bincikar da'irar sarrafawa ta hanyar lambobi a gefen hagu na zanen tsani. Ana yin ayyuka masu ma'ana akan da'irar sarrafawa a cikin tsari na hagu zuwa dama, sama zuwa ƙasa. Bayan haka, dangane da sakamakon ayyukan ma'ana, matsayin madaidaicin bit a cikin tsarin tsarin ajiya na RAM don ma'aunin ma'ana yana wartsake, ko kuma an sabunta matsayin bit ɗin daidai a cikin yankin hoton I/O don naɗin fitarwa, ko an ƙaddara ko aiwatar da umarnin aiki na musamman da aka ƙayyade ta zanen tsani.
Wato, a lokacin aiwatar da shirin mai amfani, kawai matsayi da bayanai na abubuwan shigarwa a cikin hoton I / O ba su canzawa, yayin da matsayi da bayanan sauran abubuwan fitarwa da na'urori masu laushi a cikin hoton I / O ko tsarin tsarin RAM na iya canzawa. Zane-zanen tsani da aka jera sama sama zai shafi sakamakon aiwatar da zane-zane na ƙananan tsani waɗanda ke nuni da waɗannan dunƙule ko bayanai. Akasin haka, sabunta bayanai ko bayanai na coils masu ma'ana a cikin ƙananan zane-zane za su yi tasiri ne kawai akan zane-zane mafi girma a cikin zagayowar dubawa na gaba.
Matsayin Farfaɗowar Fitowa
Lokacin da shirin mai amfani ya cika, PLC ta shiga matakin sanyaya fitarwa. A wannan lokacin, CPU yana sabunta duk hanyoyin da'irori na fitarwa bisa ga matsayi da bayanai a cikin yankin hoton I/O kuma yana tafiyar da abubuwan da suka dace ta hanyar da'irori na fitarwa. Wannan ke nuna ainihin fitowar PLC.
Abun Cigaba/Bayan Ciki
Daga tsarin aiki na PLC, ana iya yanke shawara masu zuwa:
Ana aiwatar da shirye-shirye ta hanyar dubawa, yana haifar da koma baya a cikin alaƙar ma'ana tsakanin shigarwa da siginar fitarwa. Tsawon lokacin zagayowar dubawa, mafi girman lagwar.
Baya ga lokacin da manyan matakan aiki guda uku suka mamaye-samfurin shigar da bayanai, aiwatar da shirin mai amfani, da wartsakewa-samar da zagayowar na'urar ta haɗa da lokacin da ayyukan sarrafa tsarin ke cinyewa. Lokacin da aka ɗauka don aiwatar da shirin yana da alaƙa da tsayin shirin da sarƙaƙƙiyar ayyukan koyarwa, yayin da sauran abubuwan ke dawwama. Kewayoyin dubawa yawanci suna kan tsari na millise seconds ko microseconds.
A yayin aiwatar da sikanin nth, bayanan shigar da aka dogara da su shine ƙimar samfurin da aka zayyana X da aka samu a lokacin samfurin wannan zagayowar dubawa. Bayanan fitarwa Y(n) sun dogara ne akan duka ƙimar fitarwa Y(n-1) daga sikanin baya da ƙimar fitarwa na yanzu Yn. Siginar da aka aika zuwa tashar fitarwa tana wakiltar sakamako na ƙarshe Yn bayan an aiwatar da duk lissafin yayin wannan zagayowar.
Matsalolin shigarwa/fitarwa ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da hanyar dubawa ba har ma da tsarin ƙirar shirin.