Ikon sarrafa Kayan Wuta na Lantarki: Sharuɗɗan Sarrafa Masana'antu, Kayan aiki da Sharuɗɗan Ma'auni

Ikon sarrafa Kayan Wuta na Lantarki: Sharuɗɗan Sarrafa Masana'antu, Kayan aiki da Sharuɗɗan Ma'auni

Gudanar da Masana'antu

Rufe - Sarrafa madauki

Mahimman ra'ayi a cikin ka'idar sarrafawa, rufewa - kulawar madauki ya bambanta da budewa - kulawar madauki ta hanyar ciyar da kayan sarrafawa mai sarrafawa zuwa ƙarshen shigarwa don tasiri iko. Wannan hanyar mayar da martani yana ba da damar fitarwa don komawa ga shigarwar ta hanyar "sarkar gefe," yana ba da damar shigarwa don sarrafa abin da aka fitar. Babban manufar rufaffiyar - sarrafa madauki shine don cimma ƙa'idar tushen martani.

I/O Points

Kalmar da ake yawan amfani da ita a cikin tsarin sarrafawa, maki I/O suna komawa zuwa wuraren shigarwa/fitarwa. Abubuwan da aka shigar sune ma'aunin ma'auni daga kayan aikin da ke shiga tsarin sarrafawa, yayin da abubuwan da aka fitar sune sigogin sarrafawa da aka aika daga tsarin zuwa masu kunnawa. Ana bayyana ma'aunin tsarin sarrafawa sau da yawa ta matsakaicin adadin maki I/O wanda zai iya ɗauka.

Analog da Canjawa Quantities

A cikin tsarin sarrafawa, sigogi na iya zama analog ko sauyawa da yawa. Adadin analog ɗin suna ci gaba da bambanta ƙima tsakanin kewayon kewayon, kamar zazzabi ko matsa lamba. Yawan sauyawa, duk da haka, suna da jihohi biyu kawai, kamar jihohin kunnawa ko kashewa.

Madaidaicin Sarrafa

Don sarrafa analog, mai sarrafawa yana daidaita fitarwa bisa ga shigarwa ta amfani da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi da algorithms, samar da madauki mai sarrafawa. Ana iya buɗe madaukai masu sarrafawa - ko rufe - madauki. Rufewa - sarrafa madauki, ko sarrafa martani, shine nau'in gama gari, inda ake mayar da abin da ake fitarwa zuwa shigarwar don kwatanta da ƙimar da aka saita.

Biyu - Kula da Matsayi

Mafi sauƙi nau'i na sarrafa martani, wanda kuma aka sani da ikon sauyawa. Yana haifar da siginar sauyawa lokacin da ƙimar da aka auna ta kai matsakaicin ko ƙarami. Kodayake ƙimar da aka auna na iya zama analog, abin sarrafawa na dijital ne. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar da yawa a cikin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na masana'antu da masu sauya matakin.

Matsakaicin Gudanarwa

Fitowar mai sarrafa ya yi daidai da sabawa tsakanin ƙimar da aka auna da ƙimar da aka saita ko wurin tunani. Ikon daidaitawa yana ba da tsari mai laushi fiye da biyu - kula da matsayi kuma yana kawar da batutuwan oscillation da ke hade da biyu - kula da matsayi.

Gudanar da Haɗin kai

A cikin kulawa mai mahimmanci, canji a cikin madaidaicin sarrafawa yana da alaƙa da lokacin da ake ɗauka don fitar da tsarin sarrafawa ya zama tasiri. Fitowar mai kunnawa a hankali ya kai ƙimar da aka saita. Ana yawan amfani da wannan hanyar sarrafawa a tsarin sarrafa zafin jiki.

Sarrafa Ƙarfafawa

Ana amfani da sarrafa abin da aka samu galibi a haɗe tare da iko na daidaitawa da na haɗin kai. Yana ba da damar tsarin sarrafawa don amsa sabawa da sauri, yana hana sluggish tsarin martani. Tare da daidaitawa da sarrafawa na haɗin kai, yana taimakawa madaidaicin sarrafawa ya kai ga kwanciyar hankali da sauri ba tare da girgiza ba.

Gudanar da PID

Dangane da ƙayyadaddun buƙatun tsarin sarrafawa, hanyoyin sarrafawa na iya zama P (daidaitacce), PI (Proportional - Integral), PD (Proportional - Deivative), ko PID (Proportional - Integral - Derivative). Ikon PID shine mafi yawan yanayin sarrafawa a cikin tsarin sarrafawa.

Gudanar da jinkiri

* Wanda aka saba amfani dashi wajen sauya aikace-aikacen sarrafawa, sarrafa jinkiri yana gabatar da jinkiri tsakanin canjin yanayi da aikin fitarwa na mai sarrafawa. Misali, a cikin layukan samarwa, madaidaicin kusanci sau da yawa yana buƙatar jinkiri na daƙiƙa da yawa kafin abin nadi na gaba ya fara aiki bayan an sanya kayan aiki.

Ikon Interlock

* Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi wajen sauya yanayin yanayin sarrafawa, kulawar kulle-kullen yana kafa dangantaka tsakanin masu sauyawa. Misali, ana iya kunna sauyawa C ne kawai lokacin da maɓallan A da B duka biyu suke buɗewa, ko kuma dole ne a buɗe C yayin buɗewar A. Ikon kullewa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin aminci - aikace-aikace masu mahimmanci, kamar bawul ɗin huɗa a cikin reactor, wanda dole ne a buɗe nan da nan lokacin da matsa lamba ya kai wani matakin.

Gudanar da Lantarki

* Yana nufin tsarin sarrafawa inda ake samun fitarwa ta hanyar adadin lantarki ko siginonin lantarki, ana niyya abubuwan da ke motsa wutar lantarki kamar relays, bawul ɗin solenoid, da direbobin servo. Yawancin tsarin sarrafawa ta atomatik sun haɗa abubuwan sarrafa wutar lantarki.

Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa Control

* Ana amfani da tsarin kula da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa a cikin ayyukan injin da kayan aiki, musamman a ci gaba da aikace-aikacen sarrafa saurin gudu. Sau da yawa ana haɗuwa da sarrafa na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tare da ikon servo na lantarki don samar da ingantacciyar inganci da madaidaicin electro-hydraulic actuators.

Sarrafa huhu

* Ana amfani da tsarin sarrafa pneumatic a yanayi daban-daban. Suna amfani da matsewar iska azaman tushen wutar lantarki don watsa sigina ko kunnawa. An yi amfani da iska mai mahimmanci a cikin masana'antu saboda samuwa, tsabta, aminci, da kuma sauƙin sarrafawa, yin kayan aikin pneumatic na kowa a yawancin layin samarwa.

Interpolation

* Interpolation shine tsarin da tsarin CNC na injin ke ƙayyade hanyar kayan aiki ta amfani da takamaiman hanya. Ya ƙunshi ƙididdige maki tsaka-tsaki tsakanin sanannun wuraren bayanai a kan lanƙwasa, wanda kuma aka sani da "ƙaddarar bayanan bayanai." Tsarin CNC yana haifar da yanayin kwane-kwane da ake buƙata ta hanyar ƙididdige bayanai tsakanin wuraren farawa da ƙarshen ɓangaren shirin.

Matsayi, Gudu, da madaukai na Yanzu

* Ma'anar madaukai ya ƙunshi amfani da martani don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da aikin tsarin aikace-aikacen.

* Ikon madauki na yanzu yana nufin daidaita ƙarfin lantarki ta amfani da watsa siginar na yanzu don rama asarar, raguwar ƙarfin lantarki, da hayaniya yayin watsa wutar lantarki.

* Alakar da ke tsakanin gudu da matsayi ta dogara ne akan dabara: nisa = gudun × lokaci. Ci gaba da sauye-sauyen saurin gudu a kan tazarar lokaci yana haifar da haɗin gudu akan wannan tazara, wanda yayi daidai da nisan tafiya (matsayi).

* Alakar da ke tsakanin gudun da halin yanzu an bayyana ta: gudun = hanzari × lokaci. Hanzarta ya dogara da halin yanzu da ake amfani da shi, kuma abin da ke tattare da hanzari a cikin tazarar lokaci yana haifar da saurin nan take.

* A cikin yanayin sarrafa juzu'i, motar servo tana jujjuyawa a saita saiti ta hanyar kiyaye fitarwa akai-akai daga madauki na yanzu. Idan karfin jujjuyawar lodin waje ya yi daidai ko ya zarce madaidaicin saiti na injin, ƙarfin fitarwar injin ɗin ya kasance koyaushe, kuma motar tana bin motsin kaya. Sabanin haka, idan karfin jujjuyawar lodin waje bai kai na’urar fitar da wutar da aka saita ba, motar tana ci gaba da yin sauri har sai ta kai iyakar da aka yarda da ita na injin ko tuki, a nan ne aka kunna kararrawa kuma motar ta tsaya.

* A cikin yanayin saurin gudu, an saita saurin motar, kuma saurin amsawa daga na'urar rikodin motar ta haifar da rufaffiyar tsarin kula da madauki. Manufar ita ce don tabbatar da cewa ainihin saurin motar servo ya dace da saurin da aka saita.

* Fitowar sarrafawa na madauki na sauri yana aiki azaman juzu'i - yanayin halin yanzu - madaidaicin madaidaicin madauki. A cikin yanayin kula da matsayi, saitin matsayi da kwamfutar mai watsa shiri ta bayar da siginar mayar da martani daga na'urar rikodin motsi ko ma'aunin ma'aunin matsayi kai tsaye daga kayan aiki ana kwatanta su don samar da madauki na matsayi. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa motar servo tana motsawa zuwa wurin da aka saita. Ana ciyar da fitowar madauki na matsayi a cikin madauki mai sauri kamar yadda saurin - madauki saita. Don haka, yanayin jujjuyawa - yanayin sarrafawa yana amfani da madauki na yanzu - iko azaman mafi mahimmanci Layer. An gina madaidaicin madauki - madauki na sarrafawa akan na yanzu - madauki na sarrafawa, kuma matsayi - madaidaicin madaidaicin an gina shi akan duka saurin - da na yanzu - madaukai masu sarrafawa.

Kayan aiki da Sharuɗɗan Ma'auni

Rage

Ci gaba da tazara na adadin da aka ayyana ta babba da ƙananan iyaka.

Aunawa Range

Matsakaicin ƙimar ƙima wanda kayan aikin zai iya cimma ƙayyadaddun daidaito.

Ƙimar Ƙarƙashin Ƙimar Ƙimar Rage: Ƙimar da aka auna mafi ƙanƙanta wanda kayan aiki zai iya cimma ƙayyadaddun daidaito.

Ƙimar Ƙimar Ƙarfi: Matsakaicin ƙimar ƙima wanda kayan aikin zai iya cimma ƙayyadaddun daidaito.

Tsawon

Bambancin algebra tsakanin babba da ƙananan iyaka na kewayo. Misali, idan kewayon daga -20°C zuwa 100°C, tazarar takai 120°C.

Halayen Aiki

Ma'auni waɗanda ke ayyana aiki da iyawar kayan aiki da adadin maganganunsu.

Halayen Ayyukan Magana: Halayen aikin da aka samu ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki.

Mizani Ma'auni

Ma'auni inda tazara tsakanin rarrabuwar ma'auni da ma'auni masu daidaitattun ma'auni suna da dangantaka mai ma'ana ta dindindin.

Ma'auni marar layi

Ma'auni inda tazara tsakanin rarrabuwar ma'auni da ma'auni masu daidaitattun ma'auni suna da dangantaka mara daidaituwa ta dindindin.

An danne - Sifili Scale

Ma'auni inda kewayon sikelin bai haɗa da ƙimar sikelin daidai da ƙimar sifili na adadin da aka auna ba.

Fadada Sikeli

Ma'auni inda wani yanki mara daidaituwa na tsayin ma'auni ya shagaltar da wani ɓangaren da aka faɗaɗa na sikelin.

Sikeli

Saitin alamomin ma'auni da aka ba da oda da lambobi masu alaƙa waɗanda ke zama wani ɓangare na na'ura mai nuni.

Rage Sikeli

* Kewayon da aka ayyana ta farkon ƙimar ma'auni.

Alamar Sikeli

* Alama akan na'urar da ke nuna daidai da ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga ɗaya ko fiye.

Alamar Siffar Sifili

* Alamar ma'auni ko layi akan sikelin daidai da ƙimar sifili na adadin da aka auna.

Rarraba Sikeli

* Bangaren ma'auni tsakanin kowane ma'auni guda biyu masu kusa.

Darajar Rabo Sikeli

* Bambanci tsakanin ma'aunin ma'auni daidai da alamomin ma'auni guda biyu maƙwabta.

Tazarar Ma'auni

* Nisa tsakanin layin tsakiya na kowane ma'auni guda biyu masu kusa da tsayin sikelin.

Tsawon Sikeli

* Tsawon sashin layi, ko dai na gaske ko na hasashe, yana wucewa ta tsakiyar maƙallan duk mafi ƙarancin ma'auni tsakanin alamomin farawa da ƙarshen ma'auni.

Ma'auni Fara Darajar

* Ƙimar da aka auna daidai da alamar ma'aunin farawa.

Ma'aunin Ƙarshen Ƙimar

* Ƙimar da aka auna daidai da alamar sikelin ƙarshen.

Ma'aunin Lamba

* Saitin lambobi akan ma'auni masu dacewa da ma'aunin ma'auni da aka ayyana ta alamar ma'auni ko nuna tsari na alamomin ma'auni.

Zero na Kayan Aunawa

* Nuni kai tsaye na kayan aunawa lokacin da aka yi amfani da duk ƙarin makamashin da ake buƙata don aikin sa kuma ƙimar da aka auna ta zama sifili.

 * A lokuta da kayan aunawa ke amfani da ikon taimako, yawanci ana kiran wannan kalmar a matsayin "sifirin lantarki."

 * Lokacin da kayan aiki ba ya aiki saboda rashin kowane makamashi na taimako, ana amfani da kalmar "sifilin injina" sau da yawa.

Instrument Constant

* Ƙimar ƙima wanda dole ne a ninka nuni kai tsaye na kayan aunawa don samun ƙimar da aka auna.

Lanƙwasa Halaye

* Lanƙwasa tana nuna alaƙar aiki tsakanin tsayayye - ƙimar fitarwa na kayan aiki da adadin shigarwa ɗaya, tare da duk sauran adadin shigarwar da aka kiyaye a ƙayyadadden ƙima.

Ƙimar Halayen Ƙirarriya

* Lanƙwan yana nuna alaƙar aiki tsakanin tsayayye - ƙimar fitarwa na kayan aiki da adadin shigarwa ɗaya ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi.

Daidaitawa

* Ayyukan da aka yi don tabbatar da kayan aikin yana cikin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun da kuma kawar da karkatattun don amfani mai kyau.

 ** Daidaita Mai Amfani ***: gyare-gyaren da aka yarda da mai amfani ya yi.

Daidaitawa

* Ayyukan kafa, ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗa, alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙimar da aka nuna ta kayan aikin aunawa ko tsarin da madaidaicin sanannun ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdiga.

Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa

* Lanƙwasa tana nuna alaƙa tsakanin adadin da aka auna da ainihin ƙimar kayan aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi.

Zagayowar daidaitawa

* Haɗin madaidaicin gyare-gyare na sama da madaidaicin daidaitawar ƙasa tsakanin iyakokin kewayon gyare-gyare na kayan aiki.

Teburin daidaitawa

* Wakilin tebur na madaidaicin daidaitawa.

Abun iya ganowa

* Dukiyar sakamakon ma'auni wanda zai iya kasancewa mai alaƙa da ma'auni masu dacewa (yawanci ƙasashen duniya ko na ƙasa) ta hanyar sarkar kwatancen da ba ta karye ba.

Hankali

* Ƙididdigar canji a cikin fitarwar kayan aiki da kuma daidaitaccen canji a cikin adadin shigarwar.

Daidaito

* Matsayin daidaito tsakanin nunin kayan aiki da ƙimar gaskiya na adadin da aka auna.

Daidaiton Class

* Rarraba kayan aiki gwargwadon daidaiton su.

Iyaka na Kuskure

* Matsakaicin halattaccen kuskuren kayan aiki kamar yadda ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga ko ƙayyadaddun fasaha suka kayyade.

Kuskure na asali

* Kuskuren kayan aiki ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan tunani.

Daidaituwa

* Matsayin daidaito tsakanin madaidaicin madaidaicin lanƙwasa da ƙayyadaddun sifa (kamar madaidaiciyar layi, lanƙwan logarithmic, lanƙwasa mai ɗaci, da sauransu).